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计算机网络（第9版）

作译者：谢希仁,谢钧,邢长友

出版时间：2026-06 千字数：750 版次：01-01 页数：436

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121527852

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纸质书定价：￥69.8

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第1 章 概述······································································································.1
1.1 计算机网络在信息时代中的作用·································································.1
1.2 互联网概述····························································································.3
1.2.1 网络的网络·······················································································.3
1.2.2 互联网基础结构发展的三个阶段································································.5
1.2.3 互联网的标准化工作·············································································.7
1.3 互联网的组成·························································································.8
1.3.1 互联网的边缘部分················································································.9
1.3.2 互联网的核心部分···············································································.11
1.4 计算机网络在我国的发展··········································································16
1.5 计算机网络的类别···················································································17
1.5.1 计算机网络的定义················································································17
1.5.2 几种不同类别的计算机网络·····································································18
1.6 计算机网络的性能···················································································19
1.6.1 计算机网络的性能指标··········································································19
1.6.2 计算机网络的非性能特征········································································24
1.7 计算机网络体系结构················································································24
1.7.1 计算机网络体系结构的形成·····································································25
1.7.2 协议与划分层次··················································································26
1.7.3 具有五层协议的体系结构········································································28
1.7.4 TCP/IP 的体系结构···············································································32
复习题·········································································································34
习题············································································································35
第2 章 物理层···································································································37
2.1 物理层的基本概念···················································································37
2.2 现代通信的基础知识················································································38
2.2.1 通信中的常用术语················································································38
2.2.2 有关信道的几个基本概念········································································38
2.2.3 信道的极限容量··················································································40
2.3 物理层使用的传输媒体·············································································42
2.3.1 导引型传输媒体··················································································42
2.3.2 非导引型传输媒体················································································46
2.4 信道复用技术·························································································47
2.5 数字传输系统·························································································49
2.6 宽带接入技术·························································································50
2.6.1 光纤接入··························································································50
2.6.2 非对称数字用户线ADSL ········································································52
2.6.3 光纤同轴混合网（HFC 网）·····································································53
复习题·········································································································54
习题············································································································54
第3 章 数据链路层·····························································································55
3.1 数据链路层的几个共同问题·······································································56
3.1.1 数据链路和帧·····················································································56
3.1.2 三个基本问题·····················································································57
3.2 点对点协议PPP·······················································································61
3.2.1 PPP 协议的特点··················································································61
3.2.2 PPP 协议的帧格式················································································63
3.2.3 PPP 协议的工作状态·············································································64
3.3 以太网··································································································65
3.3.1 局域网中的以太网················································································65
3.3.2 CSMA/CD 协议···················································································67
3.3.3 以太网的信道利用率·············································································72
3.3.4 以太网的MAC 地址··············································································73
3.3.5 以太网的MAC 帧格式···········································································75
3.4 以太网演变成星形网················································································77
3.4.1 从集线器到以太网交换机········································································77
3.4.2 以太网交换机的自学习功能·····································································78
3.4.3 虚拟局域网·······················································································80
3.5 高速以太网····························································································82
3.5.1 100BASE-T 以太网··············································································82
3.5.2 吉比特以太网·····················································································83
3.5.3 10 吉比特以太网(10GbE)和更快的以太网······················································84
3.5.4 使用以太网进行宽带接入········································································85
复习题·········································································································86
习题············································································································87
第4 章 网络层···································································································90
4.1 互联网协议IP ·························································································90
4.1.1 网络层提供的两种服务··········································································90
4.1.2 网络层中的重要协议·············································································92
4.1.3 虚拟互连网络·····················································································92
4.1.4 IP 地址····························································································95
4.1.5 IP 地址与MAC 地址··········································································.102
4.1.6 地址解析协议ARP ············································································.104
4.1.7 IP 数据报的格式···············································································.106
4.2 IP 层转发分组的过程·············································································.109
4.2.1 基于终点的转发···············································································.109
4.2.2 最长前缀匹配··················································································.110
4.2.3 查找转发表的简单归纳·······································································.111
4.2.4 使用二叉线索查找转发表·····································································.112
4.3 互联网控制报文协议ICMP ·····································································.113
4.3.1 ICMP 报文的种类·············································································.114
4.3.2 ICMP 的应用举例·············································································.115
4.4 动态主机配置协议DHCP ·······································································.117
4.5 IPv6···································································································.119
4.5.1 IPv6 的地址····················································································.120
4.5.2 IPv6 的基本首部···············································································.123
4.5.3 IPv6 的扩展首部···············································································.125
4.5.4 ICMPv6 ························································································.127
4.5.5 IPv6 地址的配置···············································································.128
4.5.6 从IPv4 向IPv6 过渡···········································································.132
4.6 互联网的路由协议················································································.136
4.6.1 有关路由协议的几个基本概念································································.136
4.6.2 路由信息协议RIP ·············································································.137
4.6.3 开放最短路径优先协议OSPF·································································.141
4.6.4 边界网关协议BGP ············································································.144
4.7 路由器的构成······················································································.152
4.7.1 路由器的结构··················································································.152
4.7.2 交换结构·······················································································.154
4.8 IP 多播·······························································································.155
4.8.1 IP 多播的基本概念············································································.155
4.8.2 在局域网上进行硬件多播·····································································.156
4.8.3 组管理协议和多播路由协议··································································.157
4.8.4 IP 多播仍需解决的问题·······································································.162
4.9 虚拟专用网VPN 和网络地址转换NAT······················································.162
4.9.1 虚拟专用网VPN ··············································································.162
4.9.2 网络地址转换··················································································.163
4.10 改进“尽最大努力交付”的服务·····························································.164
4.10.1 使互联网提供服务质量······································································.165
4.10.2 调度和管制机制··············································································.166
4.10.3 综合服务与资源预留协议···································································.169
4.10.4 区分服务DiffServ ············································································.170
4.11 多协议标签交换MPLS ·········································································.171
4.11.1 MPLS 的工作原理············································································.172
4.11.2 MPLS 首部的格式············································································.174
4.11.3 MPLS 的应用场合············································································.174
复习题······································································································.176
习题·········································································································.177
第5 章 传输层································································································.185
5.1 传输层协议概述···················································································.185
5.1.1 进程之间的通信···············································································.185
5.1.2 传输层的两个主要协议·······································································.187
5.1.3 传输层的端口··················································································.188
5.2 用户数据报协议UDP ············································································.189
5.2.1 UDP 概述······················································································.189
5.2.2 UDP 的首部格式··············································································.191
5.3 传输控制协议TCP 概述·········································································.193
5.3.1 TCP 最主要的特点············································································.193
5.3.2 TCP 的连接····················································································.194
5.4 可靠传输的工作原理·············································································.195
5.4.1 停止等待协议··················································································.195
5.4.2 连续ARQ 协议················································································.198
5.5 TCP 报文段的首部格式··········································································.199
5.6 TCP 可靠传输的实现·············································································.202
5.6.1 TCP 的滑动窗口机制··········································································.203
5.6.2 超时重传时间的选择··········································································.205
5.6.3 选择性确认SACK·············································································.206
5.7 TCP 的传输连接管理·············································································.207
5.7.1 TCP 的连接建立···············································································.207
5.7.2 TCP 的连接释放···············································································.209
5.7.3 TCP 的连接管理有限状态机··································································.211
5.8 TCP 的流量控制···················································································.212
5.8.1 利用滑动窗口实现流量控制··································································.212
5.8.2 TCP 的传输效率···············································································.213
5.9 TCP 的拥塞控制···················································································.213
5.9.1 拥塞控制的一般原理··········································································.213
5.9.2 经典的拥塞控制算法··········································································.216
5.9.3 其他TCP 拥塞控制机制······································································.219
5.10 新型传输层协议··················································································.224
复习题······································································································.225
习题·········································································································.227
第6 章 应用层································································································.233
6.1 域名系统DNS······················································································.234
6.1.1 域名系统概述··················································································.234
6.1.2 互联网的域名结构·············································································.235
6.1.3 域名服务器····················································································.236
6.1.4 DNS 资源记录·················································································.240
6.2 万维网WWW······················································································.240
6.2.1 万维网概述····················································································.240
6.2.2 统一资源定位符URL ·········································································.242
6.2.3 超文本传送协议HTTP ········································································.243
6.2.4 万维网的演进··················································································.251
6.2.5 万维网的应用··················································································.252
6.2.6 AI 重塑浏览器：从信息工具到智能平台····················································.253
6.3 电子邮件····························································································.254
6.3.1 电子邮件概述··················································································.254
6.3.2 简单邮件传送协议SMTP ·····································································.257
6.3.3 电子邮件的信息格式··········································································.258
6.3.4 邮件读取协议POP3 和IMAP·································································.259
6.3.5 基于万维网的电子邮件·······································································.260
6.3.6 通用互联网邮件扩充MIME ··································································.261
6.4 多媒体内容在互联网上的传输·································································.264
6.4.1 多媒体的特点··················································································.264
6.4.2 传统的多媒体传输协议·······································································.266
6.4.3 用于交互式多媒体传输的协议································································.268
6.4.4 用于非实时多媒体传输的协议································································.273
6.4.5 用于多媒体直播的协议·······································································.274
6.5 简单网络管理协议SNMP ·······································································.275
6.5.1 网络管理的基本概念··········································································.275
6.5.2 管理信息结构SMI ············································································.277
6.5.3 管理信息库MIB···············································································.280
6.5.4 SNMP 的协议数据单元和报文································································.281
6.6 应用进程跨越网络的通信·······································································.284
6.6.1 系统调用和应用编程接口·····································································.284
6.6.2 几种常用的系统调用··········································································.286
6.7 P2P 应用·····························································································.288
6.7.1 具有集中目录服务器的P2P 方式·····························································.289
6.7.2 具有全分布式结构的P2P 文件共享程序·····················································.290
6.7.3 P2P 文件分发的分析··········································································.292
6.7.4 在P2P 对等方中搜索对象····································································.293
复习题······································································································.296
习题·········································································································.298
第7 章 网络安全·····························································································.301
7.1 网络安全问题概述················································································.301
7.1.1 计算机网络面临的安全性威胁································································.301
7.1.2 安全的计算机网络·············································································.303
7.1.3 数据加密模型··················································································.304
7.2 两类密码体制······················································································.305
7.2.1 对称密钥密码体制·············································································.305
7.2.2 公钥密码体制··················································································.306
7.3 鉴别··································································································.307
7.3.1 报文鉴别·······················································································.307
7.3.2 实体鉴别·······················································································.312
7.4 密钥分配····························································································.314
7.4.1 对称密钥的分配···············································································.314
7.4.2 公钥的分配····················································································.317
7.4.3 DH 密钥交换···················································································.319
7.5 互联网使用的安全协议··········································································.320
7.5.1 网络层安全协议···············································································.320
7.5.2 传输层安全协议···············································································.325
7.5.3 应用层安全协议···············································································.328
7.6 网络安全技术：防火墙与入侵检测···························································.330
7.6.1 防火墙··························································································.330
7.6.2 入侵检测系统··················································································.332
7.7 一些未来的发展方向·············································································.332
复习题······································································································.333
习题·········································································································.334
第8 章 无线网络和移动网络··············································································.335
8.1 无线局域网WLAN ···············································································.335
8.1.1 无线局域网的组成·············································································.336
8.1.2 802.11 局域网的物理层·······································································.341
8.1.3 802.11 局域网的MAC 层协议································································.342
8.1.4 802.11 局域网的MAC 帧·····································································.348
8.2 无线特种网WSN··················································································.351
8.3 蜂窝移动通信网···················································································.354
8.3.1 早期的蜂窝移动通信技术·····································································.354
8.3.2 4G 蜂窝移动通信技术·········································································.357
8.3.3 5G 蜂窝移动通信技术·········································································.363
8.4 移动IP ·······························································································.366
8.4.1 移动IP 的基本概念············································································.366
8.4.2 移动IP 的路由选择问题······································································.368
8.4.3 移动IP 的前景·················································································.370
复习题······································································································.370
习题·········································································································.371
第9 章 新型网络技术·······················································································.373
9.1 软件定义网络技术················································································.374
9.1.1 数据平面与控制平面分离的思想·····························································.374
9.1.2 SDN 架构······················································································.375
9.1.3 SDN 数据平面·················································································.378
9.1.4 SDN 控制平面·················································································.387
9.1.5 可编程数据平面···············································································.391
9.1.6 SDN 的应用····················································································.394
9.2 网络功能虚拟化技术·············································································.397
9.2.1 网络功能虚拟化产生的背景与动机··························································.397
9.2.2 NFV 架构······················································································.398
9.2.3 NFV 与SDN 的融合···········································································.402
9.2.4 挑战与未来演进···············································································.402
9.3 数据中心网络······················································································.403
9.3.1 数据中心与数据中心网络·····································································.403
9.3.2 典型数据中心网络结构·······································································.406
9.3.3 数据中心网络发展趋势·······································································.408
复习题······································································································.409
习题·········································································································.410
附录A 参考文献与网址····················································································.412
附录B 常用英文缩写词····················································································.415

本教材第5 版被纳入“十二五”普通高等教育本科国家级规划教材。
与第8 版相比，第9 版进行了如下的一些改动。
虽然本教材的内容是计算机网络比较成熟、稳定的基本原理，但计算机网络的发展还是非常迅速的，因此我们尽可能把一些比较新且相对成熟的内容写入教材。所有引用的RFC 文档都尽可能更新到最新的版本。
由于IPv6 在我国已迅速普及，因此在第4 章“网络层”中增加了较多的IPv6 内容，特别是对于IPv6 地址以及IPv6 网络与IPv4 网络的通信问题，都进行了更加深入的讨论。第8 版曾把DHCP 放在应用层讨论，但把DHCP 移到网络层讨论可以帮助读者更好地掌握有关IP 地址的配置问题，因此现在把有关DHCP 的内容放入第4 章“网络层”。
第8 版第4 章曾简单介绍了软件定义网络SDN 的内容。近年来，SDN 有了不少新的发展，因此第9 版把SDN 以及网络功能虚拟化、数据中心网络等内容集中到第9 章“新型网络技术”
中，以便进行更加深入的介绍。
第9版把第8 版的8.4 节“改进‘尽最大努力交付’的服务”移到第4 章中介绍。在这部分内容里，增加了IP 首部中服务类型字段新定义的两个区分服务码点ECT 和CE，但这些内容要在第5 章的5.9.3 节中才能详细介绍。
在第4 章最后一节“多协议标签交换MPLS”中，增加了标签转发表的构成过程。
在名词方面，我们尽可能使用术语在线[W-TERM]给出的标准名词（除非是明显的错误译名）。第9 版把使用了多年的标准名词“运输层”改为“传输层”。虽然所有RFC 的原文都一直使用的是Transport Layer，而Transport 的常用译名是运输而不是传输，但考虑到现在“传输层”已变成了标准译名[W-TERM]，因此本教材从这一版开始，也改为使用“传输层”这一译名。
第5 章改写了TCP 的滑动窗口机制，更新了TCP 的拥塞控制，增加了CUBIC, QUIC 以及其他一些新的传输层协议。
在第6 章“应用层”中，删除了已较少使用的应用层协议FTP（包括TFTP）和TELNET。
第8 版曾把“互联网上的音频/视频服务”作为单独一章来介绍，但这些内容都属于应用层的范畴，因此现在把这些内容都并入第6 章，成为其中单独的一节。
在第7 章“网络安全”中，增加了DH 密钥交换，改写了传输层安全协议TLS 1.3 的内容。
本教材的参考学时数为70 学时左右。在课程学时数较少的情况下可以只学习前6 章，这样仍可获得有关互联网的最基本的知识。
本教材后面共有两个附录，附录A 是“参考文献与网址”，附录B 是“常用英文缩写词”。
第9 版删除了第8 版中的“部分习题的解答”，改为以电子版形式提供。
在本次修订工作中，谢钧教授和邢长友教授参加了所有章节内容的修订讨论。谢钧教授参加了第1 章初稿的修改。第1 章至第8 章的复习题和习题由谢钧教授整理，第4 章4.5.6 节中“协议转换技术”的初稿由谢钧教授撰写，第9 章由邢长友教授撰写。其他工作由谢希仁教授负责完成。吴自珠副教授也参与了本教材的编写工作。
编者非常感谢使用本教材的教师和同学，他们通过电子邮件向编者或出版社编辑提出了很多宝贵意见。在本次修订工作中，要特别感谢清华大学李星教授。李星教授提供了他们团队多年来对IPv6 的研究成果，对第9 版应当增加的内容提出了非常具体的建议。李星教授和包丛笑教授还参加了对这部分修订内容的初稿的讨论。林波博士对“网络安全”部分提供了重要信息。烟台理工学院韩明峰教授多次发来邮件与编者进行交流。对此，编者均表示诚挚的谢意。受篇幅所限，未能采纳一些读者希望增加某些内容的建议。计算机网络涉及的面很广，虽然已经过反复挑选，但还有不少新的发展未能添加到教材中。限于编者水平，教材中难免还存在许多不尽人意之处，殷切希望广大读者批评指正。
谢希仁
2026 年1 月于南京

谢钧教授的电子邮件地址：xiejun73@189.cn
邢长友教授的电子邮件地址：changyouxing@126.com
欢迎指出书中内容的不足和错误，但编者无法满足具体解题步骤和科研项目咨询的需求，请予谅解。

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