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农业电子信息系统设计实践

作译者：王忠义

出版时间：2026-03 千字数：172 版次：01-01 页数：140

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121525377

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目 录
第1 章 农业电子信息系统入门与项目规划 ··················································.1
1.1 实践开篇：认识身边的农业电子信息系统 ·········································.1
1.1.1 从案例开始：智能温室、精准灌溉、畜禽舍监控 ························.2
1.1.2 系统核心组成：传感器、控制器、执行器、通信单元 ··················.5
1.1.3 本书核心实践项目介绍：温室环境监测与自动调控系统 ···············.9
1.2 项目启动：如何定义系统需求 ·······················································.11
1.2.1 实践方法 ····················.11
1.2.2 确定关键监测参数与控制目标 ···············································.15
1.2.3 明确设计约束··············.17
1.2.4 项目规范化管理 ·················.19
1.3 设计工具入门 ·····································.22
1.3.1 工具介绍 ··········································································.22
1.3.2 动手绘制：系统框图与数据流图 ············································.23
1.4 必须遵循的规范与标准 ································································.26
1.4.1 电气安全规范：GB 4706.1 ····················································.26
1.4.2 电磁兼容性设计预考虑 ························································.27
1.4.3 农业环境下的防护等级选择指南 ············································.28
本章总结 ·························································································.29
思考题 ····························································································.30
设计题 ····························································································.30
第2 章 感知层设计——选对和用好传感器 ··············································.31
2.1 农业常用传感器原理与选型实战 ····················································.31
2.1.1 温湿度传感器：DHT22、SHT3X的对比与选型 ·························.31
2.1.2 光照度传感器：BH1750的使用场景 ········································.33
2.1.3 土壤水分传感器：电阻式与电容式的区别与校准方法 ·················.35
2.1.4 其他环境传感器简介：CO2、pH值、EC值 ·······························.37
2.2 传感器电路设计与信号调理 ··························································.39
2.2.1 实战电路搭建：上拉电阻、分压电路、滤波电路 ·······················.39
2.2.2 运算放大器的使用：如何放大微弱的传感器信号 ·······················.40
2.2.3 模数转换原理与单片机内置模数转换器的使用 ··························.42
2.3 传感器校准与数据准确性保障 ·······················································.43
2.3.1 实践方法：一点校准和两点校准 ············································.43
2.3.2 动手操作：使用标准仪器对土壤水分传感器进行现场校准 ···········.44
2.3.3 数据处理：剔除异常值的简单算法 ·········································.45
本章总结 ·························································································.46
思考题 ····························································································.47
设计题 ····························································································.47
第3 章 控制核心设计——微控制器与印制电路板设计 ································.48
3.1 微控制器选型：Arduino、ESP32、STM32对比 ··································.48
3.1.1 核心参数解读：主频、Flash、RAM、GPIO数量 ························.48
3.1.2 项目选择：为何选用ESP32 ···················································.50
3.2 开发环境搭建与基础程序编写 ·······················································.51
3.2.1 工具安装：Arduino IDE或VS Code的配置 ································.51
3.2.2 第一个程序：点亮LED ························································.52
3.2.3 关键编程实践：读取传感器数据 ············································.52
3.3 印制电路板设计实战 ···································································.54
3.3.1 设计工具入门：嘉立创EDA快速上手 ······································.54
3.3.2 从原理图到PCB：绘制传感器接口、电源模块、MCU最小系统 ····.55
3.3.3 PCB板层与布局布线核心规范 ···············································.56
3.3.4 生成制造文件并下单打样实战流程 ·········································.57
3.3.5 打样的调试与修复 ······························································.57
本章总结 ·························································································.58
思考题 ····························································································.59
设计题 ····························································································.59
第4 章 执行层与通信设计——让系统“动”起来 ······································.60
4.1 驱动执行器件：继电器、电机、电磁阀 ···········································.60
4.1.1 继电器模块使用：控制220V交流设备的安全规范 ······················.60
4.1.2 直流电机驱动：L298N模块控制水泵、卷帘 ·····························.62
4.1.3 电路设计要点：隔离、续流二极管、功率计算 ··························.65
4.2 通信技术选择与实现 ···································································.65
4.2.1 短距离通信：ESP32的Wi-Fi连接与数据发送 ·····························.65
4.2.2 远距离低功耗通信：LoRa模块点对点通信实战 ·························.67
4.2.3 通信协议设计：定义简单的自定义数据帧格式 ··························.69
4.3 系统供电设计 ············································································.69
4.3.1 方案选择：市电、电池、太阳能 ············································.69
4.3.2 电源模块设计：LM2596、AMS1117的使用 ······························.70
4.3.3 低功耗设计规范：休眠模式、定时唤醒 ···································.70
本章总结 ·························································································.71
思考题 ····························································································.72
设计题 ····························································································.72
第5 章 软件与云平台设计——数据的存储与展示 ······································.73
5.1 嵌入式程序结构优化 ···································································.73
5.1.1 实践方法：使用状态机管理复杂逻辑 ······································.73
5.1.2 编写自动控制逻辑：if-else语句与PID算法简介 ··························.75
5.2 云平台选择与数据接入 ································································.77
5.2.1 主流IoT平台对比：ThingsBoard、阿里云IoT、SIoT ····················.78
5.2.2 实战：将ESP32数据通过MQTT协议上传到ThingsBoard ··············.78
5.3 构建简易的上位机监控界面 ··························································.81
5.3.1 工具介绍：使用Node-RED快速拖曳生成Web界面 ······················.81
5.3.2 动手操作：创建实时数据曲线、历史数据表格、手动控制按钮 ·····.82
5.3.3 实现报警功能：温度超过阈值时发送邮件或短信提醒 ·················.84
本章总结 ·························································································.84
思考题 ····························································································.85
设计题 ····························································································.85
第6 章 系统集成、测试与部署 ·····························································.86
6.1 系统集成与组装 ·········································································.86
6.1.1 机箱与外壳选择：防水盒、防尘设计 ······································.86
6.1.2 布线规范：线缆颜色区分、标签、固定与防护 ··························.87
6.1.3 整体组装：将传感器、控制器、执行器、电源集成到模拟温室中 ··.88
6.2 系统测试方法与故障诊断 ·····························································.88
6.2.1 制订测试计划：单元测试、集成测试、系统测试 ·······················.88
6.2.2 常用工具：万用表、示波器、逻辑分析仪的使用技巧 ·················.89
6.2.3 常见故障与排查指南：通信中断、数据跳变、执行器不动作 ········.89
6.3 部署、运维与项目总结 ································································.91
6.3.1 现场部署注意事项：防雷与浪涌、防潮、防鼠、防晒与散热 ········.91
6.3.2 系统稳定性保障与长期运维要点 ············································.91
6.3.3 本书项目总结与扩展方向 ·····················································.92
本章总结 ·························································································.92
思考题 ····························································································.93
设计题 ····························································································.93
第7 章 扩展与实践——分布式系统与移动平台集成 ···································.94
7.1 多节点组网技术与通信协议 ··························································.94
7.1.1 应用场景：从温室到田间——分布式系统的必要性 ····················.94
7.1.2 网络拓扑选择：星型、树型、网状网 ······································.95
7.1.3 实战：基于LoRa的温室集群监测 ···········································.96
7.1.4 通信协议优化：MQTT主题规划与数据包设计 ··························.98
7.2 App开发入门 ·············································································.99
7.2.1 技术路线选择：原生开发与跨平台开发 ···································.99
7.2.2 实战：使用Flutter构建简易监控App ······································.100
7.2.3 App发布准备：图标、签名与测试 ········································.103
7.3 数据持久化与简单分析 ······························································.104
7.3.1 云平台数据存储与导出 ······················································.104
7.3.2 可视化数据分析初探 ·························································.104
本章总结 ·······················································································.105
思考题 ··························································································.106
设计题 ··························································································.106
第8 章 前沿与进阶——农业电子信息系统中的数据智能与创新应用 ··············.107
8.1 农业数据智能入门 ····································································.107
8.1.1 从数据到决策：机器学习在农业中的应用概览 ························.107
8.1.2 实战：基于云端规则的智能报警升级 ····································.108
8.1.3 入门级AI应用：在ESP32上运行TensorFlow Lite Micro ···············.109
8.2 高级传感器与执行器应用 ···························································.111
8.2.1 视觉传感：使用摄像头进行作物生长监测 ······························.111
8.2.2 环境因子综合调控：CO2施肥与补光策略 ······························.113
8.3 系统架构演进与项目复盘 ···························································.113
8.3.1 从单体到微服务：云原生架构简介 ·······································.113
8.3.2 全书项目大复盘：架构图回顾与优化讨论 ······························.114
8.3.3 创新项目启发：你的下一个农业电子项目 ······························.114
全书总结 ·······················································································.115
思考题 ··························································································.115
设计题 ··························································································.115

前 言
传统农业“看天吃饭”的被动模式、经验驱动的粗放管理，在人口增长、资源约束、环境压力等多重挑战下，已难以适应现代社会对高效、优质、可持续生产的需求。随着数字技术与农业生产的深度融合，一场以精准化、智能化为核心的农业变革正悄然发生，而农业电子信息系统正是这场变革的核心引擎。
《农业电子信息系统设计实践》一书应运而生，旨在为农业技术从业者、相关专业学生及创新爱好者提供一套兼具理论深度与实践价值的系统设计指南。本书立足农业生产实际场景，以 “温室环境监测与自动调控系统”为核心实践项目，贯穿从需求分析到系统部署的全流程，将抽象的电子技术与具体的农业应用紧密结合，助力读者快速掌握农业电子信息系统的设计逻辑与实操技能。
全书遵循 “理论铺垫—实践操作—拓展进阶”的逻辑框架，分为8 章。第1 章从智能温室、精准灌溉、畜禽舍监控等典型案例切入，解析农业电子信息系统“感知—决策—执行”的核心架构，引导读者完成项目需求定义与规划；第2 章聚焦感知层设计，详细介绍温湿度、光照、土壤水分等常用传感器的原理、选型与校准方法，筑牢数据采集的准确性
基础；第3 章围绕微控制器与印制电路板设计，对比主流MCU 性能，详解开发环境搭建、基础程序编写及PCB 设计实战，打造维持系统稳定运行的“核心大脑”；第4 章聚焦执行层与通信设计，涵盖继电器、电机等执行器的安全驱动，以及Wi-Fi、LoRa 模块等通信技术的工程实现，赋予系统行动与互连能力；第5 章拓展至软件与云平台设计，通过状态机优化程序逻辑，实现数据向云端的上传与可视化展示，构建远程监控体系；第6 章讲解系统集成、测试与部署，从机箱选型、布线规范到故障诊断，确保系统在复杂农业环境中稳定可靠地运行；第7 章和第8 章则迈向扩展与进阶，探索分布式组网、移动 App 开发、数据智能分析及 AI 技术在农业中的应用，为读者打开创新视野。
在编写过程中，本书始终坚持“工程化思维”与“实用性导向”。书中既有对电气安全规范、电磁兼容性设计、防护等级选择等专业标准的解读，也有对传感器校准、PCB 打样、云平台接入等具体操作的分步指导；既包含 Arduino、ESP32 等开源硬件的实战案例，也涵盖ThingsBoard、Node-RED 等主流工具的应用技巧。每个章节均配有思考题和设计题，助力读者巩固知识、提升实操能力。
当前，智慧农业已成为农业现代化的核心方向，农业电子信息系统作为关键技术支撑，广泛应用于田间生产、设施栽培、畜禽养殖等多个领域，推动农业生产从“经验驱动”向“数据驱动”，从“粗放管理”向“精准调控”转变。希望本书能够成为读者探索智慧农业的敲门砖，帮助更多人将电子技术、信息技术与农业生产深度融合，开发出更多贴合实际需求的创新产品与解决方案。
农业的现代化之路，离不开技术的创新与实践的探索。愿本书能为致力于智慧农业发展的读者提供有益的参考与启发，让我们携手将科技的种子播撒在希望的田野上，共同推动农业产业的转型升级，书写粮食安全与可持续发展的新篇章。
由于编写时间与学识所限，书中难免存在疏漏与不足之处，恳请广大读者批评指正。
编 者
2025 年 12 月

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