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数字顽疾：计算机病毒简史

作译者：张瑜,石元泉

出版时间：2025-06 千字数：392 版次：01-01 页数：253

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121502682

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基 础 篇
第1 章 信息技术：网络空间的物质基础·················································.2
1.1 计算思维与理论······································································.2
1.1.1 计算火种：史前计算·······················································.2
1.1.2 计算文明：图灵机··························································.4
1.1.3 计算体系：存储程序思想·················································.7
1.1.4 计算动力：摩尔定律·······················································.9
1.1.5 计算理念：开源思想·····················································.13
1.2 硬件技术·············································································.17
1.2.1 IT 发动机：CPU 芯片····················································.17
1.2.2 AI 助推剂：GPU 芯片····················································.20
1.2.3 数据仓库：内存芯片·····················································.23
1.3 软件技术·············································································.26
1.3.1 IT 动力源语：编程语言··················································.26
1.3.2 IT 生态平台：操作系统··················································.29
1.4 信息技术公司·······································································.32
1.4.1 PC 推广商：IBM ··························································.32
1.4.2 PC 原动力：Intel···························································.37
1.4.3 PC 生态盟主：Microsoft ·················································.40
1.4.4 数字创新者：Apple ·······················································.44
1.4.5 AI 原动力：NVIDIA······················································.49
1.5 风云人物·············································································.53
1.5.1 IT 筹划师：图灵···························································.54
1.5.2 IT 架构师：冯·诺依曼··················································.57
1.5.3 软件生态师：比尔·盖茨···············································.60
1.5.4 数字创新师：史蒂夫·乔布斯·········································.64
1.5.5 开源实践师：林纳斯·托瓦兹·········································.67
1.5.6 AI 梦想家：黄仁勋························································.70
第2 章 网络技术：网络空间的黏合剂··················································.75
2.1 国际互联网：网络空间的支撑平台············································.75
2.1.1 DARPA：美国科技引擎··················································.75
2.1.2 ARPANET：国际互联网前身···········································.78
2.1.3 Internet：国际互联网·····················································.80
2.2 暗网：隐匿的互联网平行世界··················································.84
2.3 移动互联网：掌上智能互联网··················································.86
2.4 物联网：万物互联网······························································.90
2.5 星联网：全域互联网······························································.92
第3 章 高新技术：网络空间的创新引擎···············································.98
3.1 人工智能技术·······································································.98
3.1.1 AI 起源与演化······························································.99
3.1.2 AI 生态······································································.105
3.2 区块链技术·········································································.109
3.2.1 区块链起源·································································.109
3.2.2 神秘缔造者：中本聪····················································.111
3.3 云计算技术·········································································.112
3.3.1 云淡风轻····································································.112
3.3.2 云深不知处·································································.114
演 化 篇
第4 章 数字顽疾：计算机病毒··························································.117
4.1 计算机病毒定义···································································.117
4.2 计算机病毒起源···································································.118
4.2.1 理论起源····································································.118
4.2.2 游戏起源····································································.119
4.2.3 科幻起源····································································.120
4.2.4 实验起源····································································.121
4.3 计算机病毒特性···································································.122
4.3.1 繁殖性·······································································.122
4.3.2 破坏性·······································································.123
4.3.3 传染性·······································································.124
4.3.4 潜伏性·······································································.124
4.3.5 可触发性····································································.125
4.3.6 衍生性·······································································.125
4.3.7 不可预见性·································································.126
4.4 计算机病毒类型···································································.127
4.4.1 按存储介质划分··························································.128
4.4.2 按感染系统划分··························································.128
4.4.3 按破坏性划分······························································.129
4.4.4 按算法功能划分··························································.130
4.5 计算机病毒结构···································································.131
4.6 计算机病毒环境···································································.134
4.6.1 计算机体系结构依赖····················································.135
4.6.2 计算机操作系统依赖····················································.138
4.6.3 文件系统及文件格式依赖··············································.140
4.6.4 解释环境依赖······························································.141
4.7 计算机病毒的生命周期··························································.143
4.7.1 病毒攻击阶段······························································.143
4.7.2 病毒防御阶段······························································.146
第5 章 嬗变之路：病毒演化简史·······················································.148
5.1 病毒演化逻辑与时间轴··························································.148
5.1.1 计算机病毒外部环境变迁视角········································.148
5.1.2 计算机病毒攻击载体视角··············································.152
5.1.3 计算机病毒编写者视角·················································.155
5.2 计算机病毒演化模式·····························································.158
5.2.1 计算机病毒个体演化模式··············································.158
5.2.2 计算机病毒群体演化模式··············································.175
5.2.3 计算机病毒与环境适应演化模式·····································.179
5.2.4 计算机病毒的演化趋势·················································.184
5.3 风云人物············································································.189
5.3.1 里奇·斯克伦塔··························································.189
5.3.2 弗雷德·科恩······························································.191
5.3.3 巴基斯坦兄弟······························································.192
5.3.4 罗伯特·莫里斯··························································.194
5.3.5 陈盈豪·······································································.196
5.4 病毒研究组织······································································.198
5.4.1 29A ···········································································198
5.4.2 VLAD ·······································································.199
5.4.3 VX Heaven ·································································.201
5.4.4 VirusView···································································.203
博 弈 篇
第6 章 绝地反击：反病毒简史··························································.206
6.1 反病毒软件简史···································································.206
6.2 反病毒技术简史···································································.210
6.3 风云人物············································································.213
6.3.1 约翰·迈克菲······························································.213
6.3.2 尤金·卡巴斯基··························································.215
6.3.3 马库斯·哈钦斯··························································.217
6.3.4 彼得·苏尔·································································.221
6.4 反病毒研究组织···································································.222
6.4.1 EICAR·······································································.223
6.4.2 CARO ·······································································.225
6.4.3 AMTSO ·····································································.226
6.4.4 Virus Bulletin·······························································.227
趋 势 篇
第7 章 魔道之争：病毒与反病毒博弈·················································.230
7.1 网络空间攻防博弈································································.230
7.1.1 网络空间博弈······························································.230
7.1.2 病毒与反病毒博弈·······················································.232
7.2 AI 赋能未来网络攻防····························································.236
7.2.1 AI 赋能“剑更锋”·······················································.237
7.2.2 AI 赋能“盾更坚”·······················································.239
7.2.3 AI 面临的攻防挑战·······················································.243
7.3 构建数字马其顿防线·····························································.244
后记·······························································································.251
参考文献·························································································.253

推荐序一
        能够为我的两位学生——张瑜教授（博士）和石元泉教授（博士）合著的《数字顽疾：计算机病毒简史》作序，我深感荣幸，也倍感欣慰。作为他们的博士生导师，我有幸见证了他们在学术研究道路上严谨而不失创造性的探索，以及在网络安全领域取得的丰硕成果。这本科普著作既是他们多年研究经验的总结，也对网络空间安全在技术与社会层面的历史沿革进行了系统、深入的剖析。
        张瑜教授任职于广东技术师范大学，担任智能安全方面的学术带头人，活跃于多个学术组织。他专注于网络安全关键技术的研究突破与实践落地，主持或参与了多项国家及省部级重大科研项目，并在国际知名期刊上发表了多篇高影响力的论文。他以深厚的科研功底与开阔的学术视野，为本书注入了技术层面的深度。石元泉教授任职于湖南第一师范学院，曾在澳大利亚阿德莱德大学进行学术访学，主持过多个国家自然科学基金项目，并在国际顶级刊物上发表了很多学术论文。他不仅致力前沿技术创新，更善于从社会文化层面深度思考技术的衍生影响。本书技术与社会视角的交融，正是两位作者学术特长与团队协作的完美体现。
       《数字顽疾：计算机病毒简史》的写作源于两位作者对技术发展深刻洞察的积累，以及对社会文化影响的高度关注。他们以计算机病毒的发展史为主线，不仅展现了技术演进的轨迹，还深入探讨了其背后的社会、伦理与文化意义。从计算机病毒起源的理论构想到当代高级持续性威胁（Advanced Persistent Threat，APT）攻击的现实应用，他们以严谨的逻辑和系统的视角，描绘出一幅动态的历史画卷。这本书并非枯燥的技术描述，而是以生动的笔触呈现病毒、信息技术与人类社会之间复杂而微妙的关系。书中涵盖的重要案例，如“蠕虫”病毒、震网攻击及“太阳风”事件，不仅能让读者感受到技术进步的惊人速度，也促使人们反思技术滥用可能带来的灾难性后果。
       本书的一个显著亮点在于其多维视角的运用。无论是病毒技术的理论起源、攻击手段的演变，还是病毒编写者的心理动机解读、技术对社会的影响，两位作者都以兼容并蓄的态度，为读者揭示了计算机病毒这一“数字顽疾”的全貌。这种多学科交叉的尝试需要超越单一领域的认知能力，这正是两位作者多年学术积累与合作精神的集中体现。
       计算机病毒的历史表面上是技术发展的演变史，实际上也是人与技术、人与社会关系的一个缩影。正如本书前言中所说，计算机病毒“见证了数字技术更新换代的发展路径，还见证了风云人物跌宕起伏的心路历程，更有助于理解国际博弈风云变幻的时空逻辑”。张瑜教授擅长从宏观技术演化的视角捕捉关键节点，而石元泉教授则专注于从跨学科视角探讨技术对社会的深远意义。他们的合作让读者得以在科技、文化与社会的交汇点上，重新审视计算机病毒这一人工生命体的兴衰演变。
        此外，本书不仅着眼于计算机病毒的历史梳理，还以史为鉴，洞察计算机病毒未来发展趋势。两位作者以学者的敏锐目光，探讨了人工智能赋能下可能出现的新型病毒威胁，以及定向攻击和勒索软件的潜在风险。他们希望通过这本书，引导网络安全领域的研究者、政策制定者，以及普通读者认识到技术发展的潜在威胁，从而共同构建一个更安全、更具韧性的数字社会。
        作为他们的导师，我深知两位作者在学术研究中表现出的严谨与创造力，也了解本书完成过程中所经历的种种考验。特别是在多维度交融的领域，写作不仅需要广泛的文献积累，更考验作者对不同学科逻辑的精准把控能力。两位作者凭借多年的研究功底，克服了这些困难，最终将一本兼具学术性与可读性的优秀作品呈现给广大读者。
        总而言之，《数字顽疾：计算机病毒简史》是两位作者为学术界与社会公众奉献的一部科普力作。它不仅填补了计算机病毒历史研究领域的空白，也为网络安全未来的发展提供了新的视角。在此，我衷心希望本书能为更多读者带来启示，激发人们对网络空间安全的深入思考，并进一步推动这一领域的研究与实践发展。
                                                                                                                                                                              李 涛
                                                                                                               四川大学网络靶场创新中心主任兼首席科学家
                                                                                                                  四川大学网络空间安全学院教授委员会主席
                                                                                                           国家网络空间安全重点研发计划项目首席科学家
                                                                                                                                                                   2025 年2 月
推荐序二
        信息技术的飞速发展，渗透到现代社会的每个角落，而隐藏于光辉背后的阴影——计算机病毒，则成为了数字时代的顽疾。本书《数字顽疾：计算机病毒简史》通过对计算机病毒起源、演化及对抗的全景式梳理，展示了技术变革背后的复杂生态，也为网络空间安全研究提供了独特的视角。
本书的两位作者张瑜教授（博士）和石元泉教授（博士），分别是智能安全与网络安全领域的学术带头人。他们不仅学识渊博，更拥有丰富的科研与实践经验。从早期病毒概念的理论雏形，到现代高级持续性威胁（APT）的复杂运作，他们以严谨的逻辑框架与清畅晓白的笔触，将计算机病毒的技术迭代、深植其中的社会文化烙印、关键人物的智慧与命运，以及昭示未来的演化趋势，编织成一幅既引人入胜又发人深省的知识图谱。书中大量鲜活的案例与历史关键节点的“风云人物”纪实，使得阅读此书不仅是一次前沿技术知识的系统学习，更是一场对技术、人性与社会互动演进的文化与历史沉浸之旅。
《数字顽疾：计算机病毒简史》不仅是一部简史，更是一部寓意深远的技术文化之书。它提醒我们，科技的进步从来不是单线条的庆祝，它伴随着风险与挑战。通过本书，读者可以深入了解计算机病毒的前世今生，从技术的复杂演变中汲取智慧，在未来的信息化浪潮中洞察风险与机遇。
感谢两位作者以科学理性和人文关怀，将纷繁复杂的技术抽丝剥茧，为广大读者奉献出一部既具学术深度、又易于理解的精品力作。我坚信，本书不仅会成为技术从业者和专业研究者的重要参考，也将为关注公共安全和数字伦理的广大读者带来启发和思考——帮助我们正视数字世界的隐秘风险，培育理性与责任，守护未来社会的安全与秩序。
掩卷遐思，感慨良多，遂成七律一首，以抒胸臆：
七律 .观病毒简史感怀
病毒初生竟戏游，蠕虫入世几人愁。
攻防博弈侵千域，智勇交锋护九州。
恶疾潜藏犹未尽，良方探索自难休。
且观一卷知风雨，简史传神百代留。
谨以此序向两位作者致以敬意，亦希望本书能够激发学界乃至全社会对数字时代技术发展、安全伦理及未来治理的更广泛、更深入的思考与探讨。
                                                                                                                                                                          刘庆中
                                                                                                                                美国萨姆休斯顿州立大学终身教授
                                                                                                                                数字与网络取证科学博士点负责人
                                                                                                                                                  IEEE 会士，ACM 会士
                                                                                                                                                                  2025 年2 月
推荐序三
        信息技术日新月异，计算机病毒作为数字时代的一种“顽疾”，已成为网络空间中难以回避的风险。计算机病毒一旦爆发，不仅威胁个人用户的计算机安全，也对国家安全、经济发展与社会稳定构成威胁。因此，深入探讨计算机病毒的起源、演变与社会影响，显得格外迫切。基于这一背景，由张瑜与石元泉合著的《数字顽疾：计算机病毒简史》应运而生，旨在为读者系统梳理计算机病毒的发展脉络与深层内涵。
        作为网络安全领域专家，张瑜教授在智能安全研究中成果卓著，多次主持国家自然科学基金等重大项目；石元泉教授则深耕于网络安全与智能计算，拥有丰富的实践经验。两位学者强强联手，使本书在科学性与专业性方面皆能保持高水平，既兼顾学术严谨性，又不乏深入浅出的论述。正如书中所呈现的，计算机病毒不仅是一种技术现象，更与经济、文化及社会形态紧密交融，展现出极为多元的历史与现实意义。
       全书分为基础篇、演化篇、博弈篇与趋势篇四大部分：基础篇集中介绍支撑信息技术的关键要素，包括计算思维与理论、硬件技术与软件技术，为理解病毒运行提供坚实的理论基础；演化篇阐明病毒的定义与类型，探究其从实验室概念走向复杂网络攻击的演进历程；博弈篇则剖析计算机病毒与防御技术之间的持续对抗，以攻防视角揭示技术变革与安全威胁的交织；趋势篇展望未来病毒借助人工智能等新兴技术进一步演变的可能性，并探讨如何在此动态环境中完善网络安全。
        作者在书中以翔实的案例与数据，生动勾勒出计算机病毒从早期实验室研究到当代高度复杂攻击的嬗变过程。病毒形态与功能经历迭代，在技术层面的革新与社会需求的演化相互作用下，映射出人类对未知的探索。尤其在网络空间地缘政治竞争日益激烈之际，计算机病毒已成为高效率的攻击手段，其地位日渐凸显。与此同时，作者深刻剖析病毒传播与变异所遵循的“适者生存”逻辑，将其比作自然界生物生态的数字化再现，提示我们在追逐技术进步的同时，也必须警惕伴随而生的安全隐患。
        这部著作不仅是一部关于计算机病毒的专业论述，更是一块洞见数字社会复杂性的多棱镜。它提醒我们，在享受信息技术带来的便利与创新的同时，也须正视其潜藏的风险。作者希冀借由回顾计算机病毒的发展史，让读者更加明晰技术背后的动力与社会渊源。在数字时代前行的道路上，每项技术突破都意味着潜在的博弈与责任，也激励我们致力于防范与治理。
        谨以此序向两位作者，以及所有耕耘在网络安全前线的工作者致敬，愿我们在快速迭代的技术洪流中，始终保持理性思考与警醒，共同打造更安全、和谐的数字未来。
                                                                                                                                                                         沈鸿
                                                                                                                                                              国家特聘专家
                                                                                                                                                              中山大学教授
                                                                                                                                                                 2025 年2 月
前 言
       纵观当前的简史类书籍，大致有两种写作逻辑：一种是以人物为主线，将其置身于波澜壮阔的历史事件中，以凸显其卓越的才智及对事件发展的重要影响力，并细腻地呈现历史人物的孤勇与坚韧；另一种是以事件为主线，在相对平静的历史长河中，点缀一些杰出人物的趣闻轶事，以烘托出“时势造英雄”的历史沧桑感。当然，一般意义上的历史研究，是通过今天的眼光与逻辑审视过去的人物与事件，并赋予其合理化的解释，以积极的历史意义和隐含的现实启示来教育后人，即以史为鉴，启示未来。
        计算机病毒史，其实就是一部信息技术的发展史。为计算机病毒写“简史”，以今天的逻辑去审视计算机病毒发展过程中所涉及的信息技术、风云人物、历史事件及社会文化，为读者勾勒一幅病毒与信息技术、病毒与重要人物、
病毒与数字社会文化相互交融的动态历史画卷，并让读者从中认识计算机病毒技术发展的动态非线性关系，理解计算机病毒的消极影响与积极意义，预测计算机病毒未来发展趋势及其应对之策。显然，要将网络信息与安全技术素养融入计算机病毒发展简史中，需要较长的资料检索时间和极高的简史编纂热情，可谓视野与耐心共生，难度与挑战并存。
        原本计划一年完成的这本简史，开始写作后却发现涉及技术、思想、人物及社会文化等诸多维度，且每个维度的内容都足以写出一本简史，始觉丰满理想与骨感现实之反差，于是只能寻求妥协：在技术演化逻辑中寻找关键创新点与风云人物，尽量构建出反映人物?技术?社会等多维度交融的计算机病毒简史。
        人类的好奇心是大自然的馈赠，是与生俱来的。为实现生存这个目标函数，大自然以好奇心为正反馈机制促使多巴胺分泌，激励人类无畏地去寻求目标函数的多维解，以拓展自己的认知边界，提升人类的生存概率，进而造福整个人类。回顾计算机病毒的演化历史，人类的好奇心一直在扮演重要的角色。正是在好奇心的驱使下，人类不断尝试与实验各种异想天开的构思，在病毒技术、病毒种类、病毒攻击力、传播途径、智能融合等维度不断创新求变，展现出由好奇心所激励、所迸发的技术创新热情。
        滥觞于美国麻省理工学院（MIT）AI 实验室的黑客精神，是人类好奇心在数字时代的诠释与弘扬。黑客（Hacker），原本是一群以崇尚信息开放、追求信息分享、倡导信息自由为己任，推动构建数字文明，弘扬冒险精神与正能量的数字时代的“罗宾汉”。但目前“黑客”这个名称的内涵已时过境迁，甚至已具有贬义色彩，而其初设内置的技术冒险与理想主义精神依旧赓续于技术爱好者心里，并不断尝试在有限的编码范围内发掘无限的可能性，推动数字时代的变革，以软硬件改变世界。
        冯·诺依曼在不经意间开启了“自我复制”式图灵机模型理论的构思，为计算机病毒勾勒了理论架构。贝尔实验室的三位年轻程序员为消磨工作之余的无聊时光，灵光乍现地编写了一款游戏《磁芯大战》：通过自我复制来侵占对方领地以扩展生存空间。科幻小说作者更是异想天开地构思了一种能自我复制并通过信息通道传播的计算机程序。鲍勃·托马斯为测试阿帕网的连通性编写了类似蠕虫的“爬山虎”（Creeper）程序。里奇·斯克伦塔纯粹出于满足好奇心和炫耀的目的编写了苹果电脑的首例病毒“麋鹿克隆”（Elk Cloner）。
        好奇心一直驱使人类不断探索新技术。当时还在美国南加利福尼亚大学就读的弗雷德·科恩，对计算机病毒产生了浓厚的兴趣，并将自己的研究课题设定为“能自我复制并感染其他程序”的破坏性计算机程序。他首次将此类程序称为“计算机病毒”，使得计算机病毒从实验室进入公众视野。当巴基斯坦的两兄弟为保护知识产权和打击盗版而开发了“Brain”病毒时，计算机病毒因其现实威胁性开始引起广泛关注，成为媒体追踪报道的焦点。这些事件标志着计算机病毒作为一种“人工生命体”正式进入公众视野，并开始对信息技术和网络安全产生深远影响。
        与自然界中的生命体类似，作为“人工生命体”的计算机病毒，其生息繁衍同样离不开“生态系统”的支撑。在计算机生态系统中，病毒的演进一直遵循“适者生存”的进化逻辑与“错位竞争”的生态位博弈原则。无论是计算生态系统支撑平台的快速迭代，即DOS 系统→Windows 系统→Linux 系统→Android 系统，还是其应用领域的极速扩展，即个人计算机（PC）→互联网（Internet）→移动?云（Mobile-Cloud）→人工智能（AI），计算机病毒也在迅速演化并适应该生态系统。
        “艾滋”病毒以189 美元的勒索赎金震惊了与会者；“千禧虫”引发的恐慌使人们开始反思病毒带来的时代困境与现实威胁；“震网”病毒开创了破坏伊朗核电基础设施的先例；“太阳风”蠕虫则导致多个美国联邦机构及财富500 强企业
网络瘫痪。这些具有时代意义的计算机病毒攻击，无不论证了计算机病毒快速迭代与超强的适应能力。同时，也表明支撑其演化与适应的幕后推手在悄然改变，已从推崇个人英雄主义的散兵游勇式黑客，逐渐转向有组织、有资金，并得到国家支持的高级持续性威胁（APT）攻击组织。
        计算机病毒演化幕后推手的更替，折射出网络空间中剧烈博弈的严峻现实。随着网络空间成为继陆、海、空、天之后的第五维疆域，其战略重要性日益凸显。为规避外交纠纷及热战的破坏性，全球大国开始在网络空间展开各类激烈的虚拟博弈。计算机病毒作为一种高效的网络空间博弈武器，正在全领域、多维度、智能化加速演进。如果未来出现一款具有人脸识别功能且能够与人交互的定向勒索病毒，这将不足为奇，这既是病毒演化的必然趋势，也是其作为数字顽疾的明证。
       作为网络空间的数字顽疾，计算机病毒从最初的网络连通性测试、恶作剧、反击软件盗版等原始形态，逐步演变为勒索赎金、加密文档、泄露机密等网络犯罪工具，最终发展成为政经间谍、情报搜集、网络战武器等地缘政治博弈的利器。其演化史不仅见证了数字技术更新换代的发展路径，还见证了风云人物跌宕起伏的心路历程，更有助于理解国际博弈风云变幻的时空逻辑、把握数字时代脉搏、洞察信息技术趋势，进而洞悉人类数智文明演化逻辑。
        本书获得了国家自然科学基金（61862022，62172182）、广东省自然科学基金（2023A1515011084）、广东省高校重点科研平台与项目（2022ZDZX1011）、广东技术师范大学博士点建设单位科研能力提升项目（22GPNUZDJS27）、浙江省信息安全重点实验室项目（KF202306）等研究项目的资助。全书从各种论文、书刊、期刊及网络中引用了大量资料，有些已在参考文献中列出，有些无法查证，资料作者可与本书作者或出版社联系，在此谨向所有资料作者表示衷心感谢！
                                                                                                                                                                        作者
                                                                                                                                                                2024 年10 月

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