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雷达海杂波：建模与目标检测

作译者：许述文等

出版时间：2024-08 千字数：486 版次：01-01 页数：296

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121485312

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第1章  绪论·································································································1 
1.1  前言···································································································2 
1.2  海上监视雷达·······················································································2 
1.3  海表面································································································3 
1.4  海杂波特性··························································································4 
1.5  海杂波建模··························································································5 
        1.5.1  基于电磁散射的物理建模································································6 
        1.5.2  基于海杂波观测的经验建模·····························································7 
1.6  数据集································································································7 
        1.6.1  Ingara X波段数据集·······································································7 
        1.6.2  CSIR X波段数据集········································································8 
1.7  本书结构·····························································································8 
参考文献····································································································9 
第2章  单基地海杂波···················································································11 
2.1  概述··································································································12 
2.2  平均后向散射······················································································13 
2.2.1  异常传播····················································································15 
2.2.2  多径散射····················································································16 
2.2.3  GO-SSA平均后向散射模型····························································19 
2.3  幅度分布····························································································21 
2.3.1  分布模型····················································································24 
2.3.2  拟合案例····················································································30 
2.3.3  等效形状参数关系········································································31
2.4  海尖峰特性·························································································32 
2.5  多普勒特性·························································································35 
2.5.1  相干幅度统计特性········································································37 
2.5.2  平均多普勒谱··············································································39 
2.5.3  时变且随距离变化的谱··································································40 
2.6  纹理相关性·························································································43 
参考文献···································································································45 
第3章  双基地海杂波···················································································50 
3.1  概述··································································································51 
3.2  双基地几何结构···················································································51 
3.3  有源双基地雷达···················································································54 
3.3.1  海杂波测量·················································································54 
3.3.2  平面内反射系数测量·····································································56 
3.3.3  平面外反射系数测量·····································································57 
3.3.4  幅度统计特性··············································································59 
3.3.5  相关性·······················································································60 
3.3.6  多普勒谱····················································································61 
3.3.7  海尖峰·······················································································63 
3.4  无源双基地雷达···················································································64 
3.4.1  海杂波测量·················································································65 
3.4.2  数据处理····················································································68 
3.4.3  时延/多普勒域的幅度统计特性·······················································70 
3.4.4  时域幅度统计特性和相关性····························································71 
3.4.5  多普勒谱····················································································75 
3.4.6  总结··························································································77 
3.5  关于双基地海杂波的讨论·······································································78 
参考文献···································································································78 
第4章  参数化建模······················································································81 
4.1  概述··································································································82 
4.2  单基地平均后向散射·············································································82 
4.2.1  英国皇家雷达研究院（RRE）模型···················································83 
4.2.2  Sittrop模型·················································································83 
4.2.3  佐治亚理工学院（GIT）模型··························································84 
4.2.4  混合（Hybrid）模型·····································································85 
4.2.5  技术服务公司（TSC）模型····························································86 
4.2.6  Masuko模型················································································87 
4.2.7  Ingara成像雷达系统集团（IRSG）模型············································88 
4.2.8  美国海军研究实验室（NRL）模型···················································90 
4.2.9  澳大利亚国防科技集团（DSTG）平均后向散射连续模型······················90 
4.3  双基地平均反射系数·············································································93 
4.3.1  平面内散射·················································································93 
4.3.2  平面外散射·················································································96 
4.4  K分布形状参数····················································································96 
4.4.1  小擦地角模型··············································································97 
4.4.2  DSTG连续形状参数模型·······························································98 
4.5  多普勒谱··························································································101 
4.5.1  平均多普勒谱模型······································································101 
4.5.2  时域去相关模型·········································································104 
4.5.3  演化多普勒谱模型······································································104 
4.6  空间相关性·······················································································112 
参考文献·································································································114 
第5章  海杂波仿真····················································································117 
5.1  概述································································································118 
5.2  均匀多普勒谱····················································································118 
5.3  演化多普勒谱····················································································122 
5.3.1  频域仿真··················································································122 
5.3.2  时域仿真··················································································124 
5.3.3  多相位中心···············································································125 
5.3.4  扫描雷达场景············································································126
5.3.5  仿真案例··················································································128 
5.4  其他仿真算法····················································································132 
5.4.1  空时有限杂波（STLC）模型························································132 
5.4.2  复合G2模型·············································································135 
5.4.3  算法比较··················································································137 
5.4.4  总结························································································146 
参考文献·································································································146 
第6章  性能预测建模·················································································149 
6.1  概述································································································150 
6.2  雷达距离方程····················································································151 
6.3  非相干处理·······················································································153 
6.3.1  恒定目标··················································································155 
6.3.2  起伏目标··················································································156 
6.3.3  复合杂波··················································································157 
6.3.4  相关回波··················································································158 
6.4  相干处理··························································································161 
6.4.1  多普勒滤波···············································································162 
6.4.2  自适应处理···············································································164 
6.5  端到端雷达性能评估···········································································167 
6.5.1  雷达性能案例············································································168 
6.5.2  仿真性能预测············································································173 
6.5.3  讨论························································································175 
参考文献·································································································176 
第7章  海上目标检测技术··········································································179
7.1  概述································································································180 
7.2  非相干检测·······················································································181 
7.2.1  杂波统计特性············································································181 
7.2.2  恒虚警概率检测器······································································184
7.2.3  空间相关杂波背景下CA-CFAR的检测性能·····································186 
7.2.4  扫描间处理···············································································187 
7.2.5  其他方法··················································································189 
7.3  Pareto CFAR检测器············································································190 
7.3.1  Pareto Ⅰ型变换CFAR································································191 
7.3.2  Pareto Ⅰ型完全充分统计量··························································191 
7.3.3  Pareto Ⅱ型变换CFAR································································192 
7.3.4  Pareto Ⅱ型贝叶斯CFAR·····························································193 
7.3.5  检测结果··················································································194 
7.3.6  总结························································································197 
7.4  相干检测··························································································197 
7.4.1  多通道雷达···············································································197 
7.4.2  相干检测策略············································································199 
7.4.3  预多普勒白化············································································199 
7.4.4  后多普勒检测············································································201 
7.4.5  后多普勒白化············································································201 
7.4.6  基于模型的检测·········································································202 
7.4.7  多普勒谱混叠············································································203 
7.5  非均匀环境下的检测···········································································204 
7.5.1  单一数据集检测器······································································204 
7.5.2  固定尺度混合············································································205 
7.5.3  可变尺度混合············································································206 
7.5.4  纹理估计和归一化混合································································206 
7.5.5  检测结果··················································································207 
参考文献·································································································210
第8章  目标检测的新方法··········································································214 
8.1  时间/频率目标分离·············································································215 
8.1.1  子带分解与重构·········································································216 
8.1.2  子带选取··················································································218 
8.1.3  检测性能··················································································220
8.1.4  总结和展望···············································································222 
8.2  稀疏信号分离····················································································222 
8.2.1  调谐Q小波变换········································································223 
8.2.2  短时傅里叶变换·········································································223 
8.2.3  检测方法··················································································226 
8.2.4  检测性能··················································································230 
8.2.5  总结和展望···············································································232 
8.3  字典学习··························································································232 
8.3.1  字典学习技术············································································233 
8.3.2  性能评估··················································································234 
8.3.3  检测性能··················································································236 
8.3.4  总结和展望···············································································237 
8.4  检测前跟踪·······················································································238 
8.4.1  数学模型··················································································238 
8.4.2  检测滤波前的伯努利跟踪·····························································240 
8.4.3  仿真细节··················································································241 
8.4.4  检测和跟踪性能·········································································242 
8.4.5  总结和展望···············································································244 
参考文献·································································································245 
附录A  拟合优度指标·················································································250 
A.1  卡方检验··························································································251 
A.2  Kolmogorov-Smirnov（KS）检验···························································251 
A.3  Bhattacharyya距离··············································································251
A.4  阈值误差··························································································252 
参考文献·································································································252 
附录B  演化多普勒谱的双峰参数································································253 
附录C  大气和降水损失·············································································260

译者序

海杂波背景下的目标检测问题是典型的复杂强杂波背景下的弱目标检测问题，一直是雷达界研究的难点和热点问题。雷达在探测海上各种类型隐身舰船、潜望镜、低速小目标、掠海低速飞行器等军用目标，以及浮冰、航道浮标、小渔船或快艇等民用目标时，均会不可避免地受到复杂海面回波即海杂波的影响。低速小目标的回波与海杂波在时域因能量差异不大而不可分，在频域因目标速度和海杂波速度接近而不可分，在时频域低速小目标的回波同样与海杂波很难区分，同时受具有“类目标特性”海尖峰的影响，海杂波背景下的低速小目标检测问题始终是一个困扰雷达界的难点问题，严重制约着星载雷达、机载雷达、岸基雷达及舰载雷达的目标探测性能。如何有效抑制海杂波，最大限度地累积目标回波能量，从而削弱海杂波的不利影响，改善海上目标探测性能，是一个探索性强且难度很大的理论和技术的瓶颈问题，也是雷达应用领域需要不断突破的重难点问题。各种平台的雷达设备对海面低速小目标的有效探测具有很重要的社会价值，亟须通过系统、深入的理论研究来支撑相关工作。
近些年来，国内外相关学者针对不同平台下的海杂波特性感知及对应的检测器设计进行了大量研究，获得了大量的研究成果。本书的两位作者分别来自澳大利亚国防科技集团和英国泰雷兹集团，其中，Luke Rosenberg为IEEE Senior Member，Simon Watts为IEEE Fellow，均是相关领域的顶级专家，长期从事雷达对海信号处理的研究工作，具有深厚的理论功底和丰富的工程经验。本书首先介绍了海杂波的单基地特性和不同的建模方法，阐述了有源和无源双基地雷达的海杂波特性；其次系统介绍了海杂波的一些参数化模型，全面描述了单基地和双基地情况下的平均反射系数、幅度统计、多普勒谱和纹理相关性的预期特性；最后介绍了海杂波仿真技术，以及利用海杂波模型进行雷达性能预测。本书还概述了当前的目标检测方法，并详细介绍了海杂波特性对检测性能的影响。另外，本书对新技术进行了展望，这对未来的雷达对海探测工作具有重要的指导意义。 为了全面阐述海杂波特性及检测的基本理论，本书应用了大量数学推导并建立了各种关系，涉及概率论与数理统计、高等数学、随机过程、矩阵论及数字信号处理等内容，读者在阅读和理解过程中可能会存在一定的难度，但是通过系统、深入的学习，读者肯定会受益匪浅。本书可以作为高年级本科生、研究生的教学教材和参考书，也可以作为科研院所相关研究人员的科研参考书籍。 
本书译者来自西安电子科技大学雷达信号处理全国重点实验室，长期从事不同平台对海雷达的系统设计及目标检测识别算法的研究工作，曾参与了我国多型对海雷达的系统开发工作。 本书译者结合在对海雷达领域的研究经验，认真阅读和理解了本书的英文原著，力争专业、完整、原汁原味地翻译全书内容。全书共8章，由许述文主译，水鹏朗、施赛楠和颜学颖等参加翻译，许述文对翻译稿进行了整理。本书的研究和翻译过程得到了国家自然科学基金（62371382、61871303）等项目的支持。本书的翻译工作得到了课题组方锦滨、白晓惠、周昊、李强、郝禹程、牛小情、张甜、胡灿钰、邢宇龙、毋璐璠、黄炫程等的帮助，并得到了西安电子科技大学雷达信号处理全国重点实验室多位专家和电子工业出版社的大力支持。 本书涉及专业面广、内容深入、语言风格多样，虽然我们已经竭尽所能地通过专业的语言来还原原著，但对原著内容的理解难免存在不到之处，敬请各位同行和专家批评指正。  

许述文   
于古都长安  
2023年9月

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