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机床数控技术（第2版）

作译者：刘军,吕刚磊,郑喜贵

出版时间：2023-07 千字数：585 版次：01-01 页数：368

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121459344

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纸质书定价：￥79.8

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目 录
第1 章 数控技术概述 ···································································································.1
1.1 机床数控技术的基本概念 ·······················································································.2
1.2 数控机床的组成及工作原理 ····················································································.2
1.2.1 数控机床的组成 ·························································································.2
1.2.2 数控机床的工作原理 ···················································································.5
1.3 数控机床的分类 ···································································································.7
1.3.1 按工艺用途分类 ·························································································.7
1.3.2 按运动轨迹分类 ·······················································································.10
1.3.3 按伺服控制分类 ························································································.11
1.3.4 按功能水平分类 ·······················································································.13
1.3.5 按联动轴数分类 ·······················································································.14
1.4 数控机床的特点及应用范围 ··················································································.17
1.4.1 数控机床的特点 ·······················································································.17
1.4.2 数控机床的应用范围 ·················································································.18
1.5 数控机床的发展概况与发展趋势 ············································································.18
1.5.1 数控机床的发展概况 ·················································································.18
1.5.2 数控机床的发展趋势 ·················································································.20
思考与练习 ··············································································································.28
第2 章 计算机数控系统 ·····························································································.29
2.1 概述 ················································································································.30
2.1.1 CNC 系统的组成 ······················································································.30
2.1.2 CNC 系统的功能 ······················································································.30
2.1.3 CNC 系统的一般工作过程 ··········································································.33
2.2 CNC 系统的硬件结构 ··························································································.35
2.2.1 单CPU 结构CNC 系统 ··············································································.35
2.2.2 多CPU 结构CNC 系统 ··············································································.37
2.3 CNC 系统的软件结构 ··························································································.38
2.3.1 CNC 系统的软/硬件功能界面 ······································································.38
2.3.2 CNC 系统的软件结构特点 ··········································································.39
2.3.3 CNC 系统的软件结构模式 ··········································································.42
2.4 可编程控制器 ····································································································.43
2.4.1 概述 ······································································································.43
2.4.2 PLC 在数控机床上的应用 ···········································································.48
2.5 插 补 ··········································································································.56
2.5.1 插补的定义 ·····························································································.56
2.5.2 对插补器的基本要求 ·················································································.56
2.5.3 插补方法的分类 ·······················································································.57
2.5.4 主要的插补方法 ·······················································································.58
2.6 刀具半径补偿 ····································································································.80
2.6.1 刀具半径补偿的基本概念 ···········································································.80
2.6.2 刀具半径补偿的基本原理 ···········································································.81
2.6.3 B 功能刀具半径补偿 ·················································································.81
2.6.4 C 功能刀具半径补偿 ·················································································.81
思考与练习 ··············································································································.84
第3 章 数控机床的伺服系统 ······················································································.85
3.1 概述 ················································································································.85
3.1.1 伺服系统的相关概念 ·················································································.85
3.1.2 数控机床对伺服系统的要求 ········································································.86
3.1.3 伺服系统的分类 ·······················································································.88
3.2 主轴驱动系统 ····································································································.91
3.2.1 基本要求 ································································································.91
3.2.2 工作原理 ································································································.92
3.2.3 主轴分段无级变速 ····················································································.94
3.2.4 主轴准停 ································································································.96
3.3 步进电动机 ······································································································.100
3.3.1 步进电动机组成、工作原理、工作方式、特点和类型 ······································.100
3.3.2 步进电动机的主要性能指标及其选择原则 ·····················································.104
3.3.3 步进电动机的控制电路 ·············································································.106
3.4 直流伺服电动机 ································································································.108
3.4.1 直流伺服电动机的工作原理、类型、特点及工作特性 ······································.108
3.4.2 直流伺服电动机的速度控制方法 ·································································.113
3.5 交流伺服电动机 ································································································.117
3.5.1 交流伺服电动机的分类及特点 ····································································.118
3.5.2 交流伺服电动机的结构及工作原理 ······························································.118
3.5.3 交流伺服电动机的主要特性参数 ·································································.121
3.5.4 交流同步伺服电动机的调速方法 ·································································.121
3.6 直线电动机传动 ································································································.121
3.6.1 直线电动机的工作原理 ·············································································.122
3.6.2 直线电动机的结构形式 ·············································································.122
3.6.3 直线电动机驱动系统的特点 ·······································································.123
3.7 位置检测装置 ···································································································.123
3.7.1 概述 ·····································································································.123
3.7.2 常用的位置检测装置 ················································································.125
思考与练习 ·············································································································.137
第4 章 数控加工工艺基础 ·························································································.139
4.1 数控加工工艺概述 ·····························································································.139
4.1.1 数控加工工艺的特点 ················································································.139
4.1.2 数控加工工艺的内容 ················································································.140
4.2 数控加工内容的确定 ··························································································.141
4.2.1 适用数控加工的内容 ················································································.141
4.2.2 不适用数控加工的内容 ·············································································.141
4.3 数控加工零件的工艺性分析 ·················································································.141
4.3.1 数控加工零件的图样分析 ··········································································.142
4.3.2 数控加工零件的结构工艺性分析 ·································································.143
4.4 数控加工工艺路线的设计 ····················································································.145
4.4.1 加工方法与加工方案的确定 ·······································································.146
4.4.2 工序的划分 ····························································································.150
4.4.3 工步的划分 ····························································································.152
4.4.4 加工顺序的安排 ······················································································.153
4.4.5 数控加工工序与普通工序的衔接 ·································································.154
4.5 数控加工工序的设计 ··························································································.154
4.5.1 走刀路线的确定 ······················································································.154
4.5.2 零件的定位与安装 ···················································································.164
4.5.3 数控加工刀具与工具系统 ··········································································.169
4.5.4 对刀点、刀位点与换刀点的确定 ·································································.181
4.5.5 切削用量的确定 ······················································································.184
4.6 数控加工工艺文件的编制 ····················································································.189
4.6.1 工艺卡 ··································································································.189
4.6.2 工序卡 ··································································································.189
4.6.3 刀具卡 ··································································································.190
4.6.4 走刀路线图 ····························································································.190
4.6.5 程序单 ··································································································.191
4.7 典型零件的数控加工工艺性分析 ···········································································.192
4.7.1 轴类零件的数控车削加工工艺性分析 ···························································.192
4.7.2 盖板零件数控铣削加工工艺性分析 ······························································.194
思考与练习 ·············································································································.199
第5 章 数控加工程序的编制 ·····················································································.202
5.1 概述 ···············································································································.202
5.2 数控编程基础 ···································································································.204
5.2.1 数控编程的方法 ······················································································.204
5.2.2 数控机床坐标系 ······················································································.205
5.2.3 加工程序结构与格式 ················································································.208
5.2.4 程序编制中的数值计算 ·············································································.209
5.3 数控铣削加工程序的编制 ····················································································.210
5.3.1 数控铣床和加工中心的编程特点 ·································································.210
5.3.2 数控铣床及加工中心坐标系的确定 ······························································.211
5.3.3 数控铣床和加工中心常用代码 ····································································.212
5.3.4 刀具补偿功能 ·························································································.223
5.3.5 子程序编程 ····························································································.227
5.3.6 孔加工固定循环指令代码 ··········································································.230
5.3.7 数控铣床及加工中心编程实例 ····································································.238
5.4 数控车削加工程序的编制 ····················································································.245
5.4.1 编程特点 ·······························································································.245
5.4.2 坐标系的确定 ·························································································.246
5.4.3 数控车床常用的功能指令代码 ····································································.248
5.4.4 车削固定循环指令代码 ·············································································.255
5.4.5 螺纹加工指令代码 ···················································································.266
5.4.6 刀具补偿功能 ·························································································.275
5.4.7 子程序 ··································································································.281
5.4.8 数控车削加工编程实例 ·············································································.284
思考与练习 ·············································································································.287
第6 章 数控机床的机械结构 ·····················································································.290
6.1 概述 ···············································································································.290
6.1.1 数控机床机械结构的组成 ··········································································.290
6.1.2 数控机床机械结构的主要特点 ····································································.292
6.1.3 数控机床对机械结构的要求 ·······································································.293
6.2 数控机床整体布局 ·····························································································.295
6.2.1 数控车床的布局 ······················································································.295
6.2.2 数控铣床的布局 ······················································································.297
6.2.3 加工中心的布局 ······················································································.298
6.3 数控机床的主传动系统 ·······················································································.301
6.3.1 数控机床对主传动系统的要求 ····································································.301
6.3.2 主传动系统的传动方式 ·············································································.302
6.3.3 主轴部件 ·······························································································.306
6.3.4 主轴润滑与密封 ······················································································.316
6.4 数控机床的进给系统 ··························································································.318
6.4.1 对数控机床进给系统的要求 ·······································································.319
6.4.2 数控机床进给系统的形式 ··········································································.320
6.4.3 滚珠丝杠副 ····························································································.320
6.4.4 齿轮传动副间隙的调整 ·············································································.327
6.5 数控机床的导轨 ································································································.329
6.5.1 数控机床对导轨的要求 ·············································································.330
6.5.2 数控机床导轨形状和组合形式 ····································································.330
6.5.3 数控机床常用的导轨 ················································································.332
6.5.4 导轨的润滑与防护 ···················································································.336
6.6 数控机床的自动换刀装置 ····················································································.338
6.6.1 数控车床的自动换刀装置 ··········································································.338
6.6.2 加工中心自动换刀装置 ·············································································.341
6.7 数控机床的回转工作台 ·······················································································.350
6.7.1 分度工作台 ····························································································.350
6.7.2 数控回转工作台 ······················································································.353
思考与练习 ·············································································································.355
参考文献 ·····················································································································.357

前 言
机床数控技术是先进制造技术的基础和重要组成部分，是计算机技术、自动控制技术、检测技术和机械加工技术的交叉和综合技术。随着我国装备制造业的迅速发展，数控技术及数控装备得到了广泛应用，企业对数控技能人才提出了更高的要求。当前，生产企业尤其缺乏“懂工艺、会编程、能操作、会维修”的综合型数控高级技能人才。为了适应数控技术日新月异的发展形势和生产企业的实际需要，编者总结了数控机床方面的教学实践经验和研究成果，在第1 版的基础上对本书进行了修订。
本书以数控机床为主线，从数控机床的基本概念入手，对数控技术所涉及的几个重要方面内容、核心技术和最新技术成果进行系统、深入的叙述，使读者通过系统的学习，掌握数控机床的基本原理，熟悉数控机床的机械结构和控制知识，熟练应用数控机床的加工工艺和编程方法，提高实际操作能力。
本书注重理论联系实际，各章内容既相互联系，又有一定的独立性。每章均附有思考与练习，便于读者加深对相关知识的理解。本书体系结构及内容有别于同类教材，富有鲜明的特色与创新性。在内容安排上，着重介绍一些基本概念、实施方法和关键技术；在介绍实施方法时，突出思路和方法的多样化，以开阔读者思路，培养读者分析问题和解决问题的能力。
本书由郑州科技学院的刘军、吕刚磊、郑喜贵担任主编，郑州科技学院的朱永刚、沈华刚和河南科技大学的徐彦伟担任副主编，郑州科技学院的张莉、王基月、杨晨，以及河南农业大学的张秀丽、郑州科技学院的张军参编。具体编写分工如下：刘军编写第1 章，吕刚磊编写第3 章，郑喜贵编写第4 章，朱永刚编写第5 章中的5.4 节，沈华刚编写第5
章中的5.1～5.3 节，徐彦伟编写第2 章中的2.1～2.3 节，张莉编写第6 章中的6.1～6.4 节，王基月编写第6 章中的6.5～6.6 节，杨晨编写第2 章中的2.4 节，张秀丽编写第2 章中的2.5 节，张军编写第2 章中的2.6 节和第6 章中的6.7 节。
在本书的编写过程中，编者参阅了国内诸多同行专家和学者的数控技术著作，编者在本书的参考文献中已列出，在此，致以诚挚的谢意！电子工业出版社郭穗娟编辑及其他人员为本书的出版提出了许多宝贵的意见和建议，在此表示衷心的感谢！
由于编者水平有限，书中不足及不妥之处在所难免，敬请广大读者批评指正，以便我们进一步修订和完善。
编 者
2023 年1 月

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