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世界互联网发展报告2017

作译者：中国网络空间研究院

出版时间：2018-03 千字数：350 版次：01-01 页数：408

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121333682

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纸质书定价：￥280.0

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目 录
总论 ·························································································· 1
一、世界互联网发展总体态势 ···················································· 1
二、世界主要国家互联网发展现状评估分析 ·································· 6
三、主要代表性国家互联网发展状况 ········································· 25
四、世界互联网未来发展趋势与政策建议 ··································· 46
附：英文版总论 ··································································· 49
第1 章 世界互联网发展历程 ······················································ 110
1.1 第一阶段：互联网的诞生 ················································ 110
1.1.1 阿帕网诞生 ························································· 111
1.1.2 早期的互联网应用 ················································· 112
1.1.3 NSFNET 的建立和互联网治理的萌芽 ························· 114
1.1.4 互联网文化的起源与发展 ········································ 116
1.2 第二阶段：互联网的扩散和应用 ······································· 116
1.2.1 万维网的诞生 ······················································ 117
1.2.2 互联网应用和网络经济的快速发展 ···························· 117
1.2.3 互联网治理制度的雏形 ··········································· 119
1.2.4 互联网文化的兴起 ················································· 120
1.3 第三阶段：互联网的普及 ················································ 121
1.3.1 Web 2.0 浪潮的诞生 ··············································· 121
1.3.2 社交媒体的发展···················································· 123
1.3.3 信息社会世界峰会开启互联网全球治理进程 ················ 123
1.3.4 互联网共享文化运动 ·············································· 124
1.4 第四阶段：移动互联时代 ················································ 125
1.4.1 移动通信技术的发展和智能手机的普及 ······················ 126
1.4.2 超级网络平台的崛起 ·············································· 127
1.4.3 全球互联网治理体系的转变 ····································· 128
1.4.4 互联网社会文化的多元化发展 ·································· 129
1.5 第五阶段：万物互联时代 ················································ 130
第2 章 世界信息基础设施发展 ···················································· 132
2.1 宽带网络：加速向超高速升级换代 ···································· 133
2.1.1 光纤宽带成为主流接入方式，用户规模大幅提升 ·········· 133
2.1.2 4G 移动宽带全面普及，迅速向4G+和4.5G 演进 ·········· 136
2.1.3 无线局域网促进互联网普遍接入，吞吐量向
吉比特级演进 ······················································· 139
2.1.4 下一代互联网向纵深发展，IPv6 加快部署进程 ············· 140
2.1.5 海底光缆推动全球互联提速，企业成为重要建设力量 ···· 142
2.1.6 空基网络逐步兴起，推进宽带无缝覆盖 ······················ 147
2.1.7 互联网基础资源分布不均，国家网络实力有待平衡 ······· 149
2.1.8 电信普遍服务深入实施，更多群众共享宽带发展成果 ···· 152
2.2 应用基础设施：向规模化和智能化快速发展 ························ 153
2.2.1 数据中心和云计算平台集中化，政府市场协同效应初显 · 153
2.2.2 内容分发网络高速发展，服务可用性大幅提升 ············· 156
2.2.3 智能感知设施融合创新发展，万物互联成为可能 ·········· 158
2.2.4 互联网交换中心聚合效应显著 ·································· 160
2.3 面向未来：机遇挑战并存 ················································ 162
2.3.1 面临挑战 ····························································· 162
2.3.2 发展机遇 ····························································· 165
2.3.3 发展展望 ····························································· 166
第3 章 世界网络信息技术发展 ···················································· 169
3.1 网络信息技术快速演进 ··················································· 170
3.1.1 网络通信技术 ······················································ 171
3.1.2 大规模计算技术···················································· 174
3.1.3 集成电路技术 ······················································ 176
3.1.4 软件技术 ···························································· 180
3.1.5 大规模存储技术···················································· 183
3.1.6 物联感知技术 ······················································ 185
3.1.7 区块链技术 ························································· 187
3.2 网络信息技术各领域加速融合 ·········································· 188
3.2.1 智能手机技术 ······················································ 188
3.2.2 人工智能技术 ······················································ 190
3.2.3 量子通信技术 ······················································ 195
3.3 网络信息技术加速向其他领域跨界融合 ······························ 196
3.3.1 网络信息技术和生物技术融合 ·································· 197
3.3.2 网络信息技术和材料技术融合 ·································· 198
3.3.3 网络信息技术和能源技术融合 ·································· 199
3.3.4 网络信息技术和装备技术融合 ·································· 199
3.4 网络信息技术发展趋势 ··················································· 200
3.4.1 网络信息技术将持续快速迭代创新 ···························· 200
3.4.2 网络信息技术将持续跨界融合创新 ···························· 202
3.4.3 网络信息技术进一步走向智能化 ······························· 203
第4 章 世界网络安全发展 ························································· 204
4.1 网络安全威胁 ······························································· 205
4.2 网络安全威胁演变历程 ··················································· 209
4.3 当前世界面临的主要网络安全威胁 ···································· 213
4.3.1 网页仿冒仍肆虐全球 ·············································· 214
4.3.2 拒绝服务攻击破坏力巨大 ········································ 216
4.3.3 木马和僵尸网络威胁有所缓解 ·································· 218
4.3.4 攻击技术漏洞等其他恶意威胁层出不穷 ······················ 220
4.3.5 网络犯罪 ····························································· 223
4.4 各国网络安全防护措施 ··················································· 224
4.4.1 制定网络安全战略文件 ··········································· 224
4.4.2 成立网络安全专门机构 ··········································· 226
4.4.3 加强对关键基础设施保护 ········································ 226
4.4.4 加强网络信息安全监管 ··········································· 227
4.4.5 推动网络安全产业发展 ··········································· 228
4.4.6 开展网络安全意识宣传教育 ····································· 229
4.4.7 提升网络军队实力 ················································· 230
4.4.8 加强网络空间国际合作 ··········································· 230
4.5 网络安全面临新挑战 ······················································ 232
4.5.1 高级持续性威胁愈演愈烈 ········································ 232
4.5.2 勒索攻击呈爆发式增长 ··········································· 233
4.5.3 大规模数据泄露事件频发 ········································ 234
4.5.4 物联网智能设备被控风险显著增大 ···························· 235
4.5.5 人工智能安全需未雨绸缪 ········································ 237
第5 章 世界数字经济发展 ·························································· 238
5.1 发展数字经济的全球共识 ················································ 239
5.1.1 “数字经济是什么”基本形成共识 ···························· 239
5.1.2 数字经济成为全球经济增长新动能 ···························· 240
5.1.3 世界主要国家纷纷布局数字经济发展 ························· 243
5.2 全球数字经济强劲增长 ··················································· 244
5.2.1 部分国家数字经济达到万亿规模 ······························· 244
5.2.2 全球经济数字化程度明显提升 ·································· 245
5.2.3 互联网企业成为全球企业新标杆 ······························· 245
5.2.4 中美两国是世界数字经济“双子星” ························· 246
5.2.5 平台经济体孕育数字经济新生态 ······························· 248
5.2.6 数字经济是全球创新创业新风口 ······························· 250
5.2.7 数字经济创造更多就业 ··········································· 250
5.2.8 数字经济正在引领新一轮全球化 ······························· 252
5.3 信息技术产业正在定义数字未来 ······································· 253
5.3.1 电子信息制造业推动全球经济“硬”增长 ··················· 253
5.3.2 信息技术服务业不断凸显“软”实力 ························· 254
5.4 电子商务浪潮风靡全球 ··················································· 255
5.4.1 电商零售引领全球零售行业逆势上扬 ························· 256
5.4.2 跨境网络购物成为全球消费者的新宠 ························· 257
5.5 制造业成为数字经济发展的主战场 ···································· 258
5.5.1 世界领先工业企业积极布局平台经济体 ······················ 259
5.5.2 智能化的工业生产方式加快到来 ······························· 260
5.5.3 主要国家智能制造转型探索 ····································· 261
5.6 互联网金融时代开启 ······················································ 264
5.6.1 全球互联网众筹爆发式增长 ····································· 265
5.6.2 移动支付成为全球金融服务新潮流 ···························· 266
5.6.3 互联网保险市场成为投融资热点 ······························· 266
5.6.4 中国领跑全球互联网金融发展 ·································· 267
5.7 共享经济成为全球经济新亮点 ·········································· 267
5.7.1 共享经济风潮已经席卷全球 ····································· 267
5.7.2 中国共享经济最为精彩 ··········································· 271
5.7.3 政府积极引导共享经济发展 ····································· 272
5.8 数字经济发展的挑战与未来 ············································· 274
5.8.1 不容忽视的数字经济挑战 ········································ 274
5.8.2 更加精彩的数字经济未来 ········································ 276
第6 章 世界电子政务发展 ·························································· 278
6.1 电子政务发展的总体态势 ················································ 280
6.1.1 发展历程 ····························································· 280
6.1.2 发展趋势与比较分析 ·············································· 283
6.1.3 主要国家的发展策略 ·············································· 290
6.2 主要国家电子政务的创新实践 ·········································· 292
6.2.1 透明、开放的网络政府新形态 ·································· 292
6.2.2 跨区域、全天候的服务型政府新模式 ························· 299
6.2.3 网络时代的政民互动与公众参与 ······························· 304
6.2.4 不断创新的电子政务建设和应用模式 ························· 308
6.3 电子政务面临的主要挑战 ················································ 311
6.3.1 数字鸿沟尚未弥合 ················································· 311
6.3.2 网络安全形势严峻 ················································· 312
6.3.3 隐私泄露风险加大 ················································· 313
6.3.4 信息孤岛普遍存在 ················································· 313
6.4 电子政务发展展望 ························································· 314
6.4.1 政务数据资源的开放共享和开发利用将持续深化 ·········· 315
6.4.2 政务应用的不断创新将进一步提升政府治理能力 ·········· 315
6.4.3 个性、定制、标准、智能的政务服务将不断涌现 ·········· 316
6.4.4 大数据、人工智能将推动电子政务模式不断创新 ·········· 316
6.4.5 电子政务建设和运维模式将进一步向集约化转变 ·········· 317
第7 章 世界互联网媒体发展 ······················································· 318
7.1 互联网媒体概念及特征 ··················································· 320
7.2 互联网媒体发展历程 ······················································ 321
7.2.1 世界互联网媒体1.0 ··············································· 321
7.2.2 世界互联网媒体2.0 ··············································· 322
7.2.3 下一代互联网媒体 ················································· 323
7.3 互联网媒体发展总体态势及主要代表 ································· 324
7.3.1 新闻媒体：互联网新闻的聚合者 ······························· 325
7.3.2 社交媒体：互联网媒体的活跃因子 ···························· 330
7.3.3 搜索引擎：互联网信息资源的索引 ···························· 335
7.3.4 知识平台：互联网群体智慧的凝聚 ···························· 336
7.3.5 视听媒体：互联网娱乐的生力军 ······························· 338
7.4 互联网媒体形态变革 ······················································ 341
7.4.1 传统媒体转型 ······················································ 342
7.4.2 互联网媒体传播方式变革 ········································ 344
7.4.3 互联网媒体内容和生产方式变革 ······························· 345
7.5 各国互联网内容治理 ······················································ 347
7.5.1 美国：体系成熟，技术先进 ····································· 348
7.5.2 中国：高度重视，全面统筹 ····································· 349
7.5.3 俄罗斯：网络安全技术领先 ····································· 350
7.5.4 欧洲：反恐是内容治理重点 ····································· 351
7.5.5 新加坡：公众参与，疏堵兼顾 ·································· 352
7.5.6 印度：反恐至上，重点打击 ····································· 352
7.5.7 日本：重视隐私和青少年保护 ·································· 353
7.6 互联网媒体未来发展趋势 ················································ 354
7.6.1 人工智能助力新闻生产及内容识别 ···························· 354
7.6.2 虚拟现实技术推动信息传播可视化 ···························· 354
7.6.3 智能算法提升互联网媒体传播效率 ···························· 355
第8 章 网络空间国际治理 ························································· 356
8.1 网络空间治理的背景 ······················································ 357
8.1.1 网络空间治理的重要性与必要性 ······························· 357
8.1.2 网络空间治理的基本历史沿革 ·································· 358
8.2 网络空间治理主要理念 ··················································· 361
8.2.1 网络空间治理领域主要理念概述 ······························· 361
8.2.2 世界主要国家关于网络空间治理的理念和立场 ············· 365
8.3 网络空间治理的平台 ······················································ 370
8.3.1 全球性的网络空间治理平台 ····································· 370
8.3.2 区域性的网络空间治理平台 ····································· 375
8.3.3 双边网络空间对话与合作机制 ·································· 378
8.4 网络空间治理的规则 ······················································ 380
8.4.1 规则所涉及的领域范围及代表性成果 ························· 380
8.4.2 网络空间治理规则制定中存在的主要争议 ··················· 385
8.5 网络空间治理的前景 ······················································ 387
8.5.1 网络空间治理需求在上升 ········································ 388
8.5.2 主权国家参与全球网络空间治理的积极性上升 ············· 388
8.5.3 联合国平台的重要性日趋突出 ·································· 389
8.5.4 非国家行为体推进网络空间治理积极性高涨 ················ 389
后记 ······················································································· 391

前 言
        当前，以信息技术为代表的新一轮科技和产业革命正在兴起，为经济社会发展注入了强劲动力，同时，互联网发展也给世界各国主权、安全、发展利益带来许多新的挑战。推动世界互联网持续发展，让全球人民共享互联网发展成果，既是国际社会的共同目标和共同愿景，也需要世界各国的共同参
与和共同努力。
    在这一重要历史进程中，我们决定编写《世界互联网发展报告2017》（以下简称《报告》），力求持续深入地对全球互联网发展进行研究和分析，总结历史、剖析现状、引领未来，体现中国学界对互联网发展态势的认识和思考，为全球互联网发展提供新的思想借鉴和智力支撑。为此，《报告》做了以下
三方面的努力：
1．始终将习近平主席的国际治网理念作为理论基础，探寻互联网发展治理的中国方案
    当前，全球互联网治理体系变革进入关键时期，网络空间国际治理不同理念竞争并存、交流碰撞，寻求包容性解决方案的呼声正在兴起。中国国家主席习近平在多个重要国际场合阐述国际治网理念，特别是提出推进全球互联网治理体系变革“四项原则”和构建网络空间命运共同体“五点主张”，赢得了国际社会的广泛赞誉和普遍认同，为世界互联网发展治理提供了中国方案。《报告》将习近平主席国际治网理念作为理论基础和思想主线贯穿始终，全面宣传阐释习近平主席国际治网理念、思想和主张，客观准确解读互联网治理中国方案，为全球互联网发展治理提供新选择，为推动构建网络空间命运共同体做出努力。
2．始终把世界互联网发展的生动实践作为研究基础，打造互联网领域的“小百科全书”
    互联网诞生至今，信息技术日新月异，全面融入社会生产生活，深刻改变着全球经济格局、利益格局、安全格局。世界主要大国普遍将互联网作为国家战略重点和优先发展方向，加快建设和运用互联网，从技术到应用、从发展到治理，形成了一系列新实践、新举措、新成效，为研究工作提供了广阔的空间和丰富的资源。《报告》紧紧围绕全球互联网发展现状和趋势，聚焦各国互联网发展实践和成效，在突出2017 年新情况、新进展的同时，对信息基础设施、信息技术、网络安全、数字经济、电子政务、互联网媒体、国际治理等互联网重点领域的发展历程进行了回顾和梳理，是关于世界互联网发展的全领域、全景式研究成果。
3．始终把全面、准确、客观作为学术目标，构建全球互联网发展研究的评价体系
    《报告》始终坚持突出国际性、权威性、精准性，强化思想性、理论性、概括性，力求用中国视角解读全球态势，以领先水平引领未来发展。特别是在总论部分设立并发布世界互联网发展指数指标体系，填补了国内外互联网综合指标的空白，有利于更加全面、准确、客观地衡量世界互联网发展整体
态势。该指标体系首次从中国视角对世界互联网发展进行评估，是对习近平主席国际治网理念的具体化、标准化和指数化；首次提出总量指标和人均指标并重，弥补了现有指标体系“重人均、轻整体”的不足，有利于综合评估一国互联网发展的总量水平和人均水平；首次对世界主要大国互联网发展状况进行整体评估，更好展现各国发展实力和发展优势。
        《报告》是中国学术界为全球互联网发展治理提供思想创见、政策创设、理论创新的一次有益尝试。未来，我们将持续关注世界互联网发展态势和进展，持续提出我们的分析和见解，为推动世界各国共同搭乘互联网发展的快车，加快构建网络空间命运共同体贡献中国的智慧和力量。
                                                        中国网络空间研究院
                                                            2017 年12 月

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