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新基建中的物联网——通往数字世界的桥梁

作译者：张晖

出版时间：2022-12 千字数：460 版次：01-01 页数：328

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121447518

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作者简介

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第1 章 从基础设施建设到新型基础设施建设···················································.1
1.1 传统意义上的基础设施·······················································································.1
1.1.1 基础设施与基础设施建设···········································································.1
1.1.2 基础设施建设的经济学特征········································································.2
1.2 新型基础设施的内涵··························································································.4
1.3 新基建相关政策的时间脉络·················································································.5
1.4 新基建的特点和时代背景····················································································.7
1.5 新基建到底新在何处··························································································.9
1.6 本章小结·········································································································10
第2 章 我国信息基础设施的建设发展历程·····················································.11
2.1 新基建与信息基础设施的关系··············································································11
2.2 国家信息基础设施的提出····················································································12
2.3 我国信息基础设施的建设历程··············································································13
2.4 我国信息基础设施建设与国际水平的差距·······························································16
2.5 本章小结·········································································································17
第3 章 物联网在新型基础设施建设中的作用··················································.18
3.1 物联网是新基建的核心要素·················································································18
3.2 物联网建立新基建的能力支撑··············································································19
3.3 物联网构筑工业互联网的发展根基········································································21
3.4 物联网改变数据中心的运营方式···········································································21
3.5 物联网引领5G 通信的发展方向···········································································23
3.6 物联网提供人工智能所需要的实时数据··································································25
3.7 物联网带来基础设施安全的全新挑战·····································································26
3.8 本章小结·········································································································27
第4 章 物联网产业发展的挑战与机遇···························································.29
4.1 物联网概念演化与内涵解析·················································································29
4.1.1 物联网概念的起源····················································································29
4.1.2 物联网定义的形成····················································································30
4.2 物联网产业的发展历程·······················································································32
4.2.1 射频识别产业的兴起·················································································33
4.2.2 传感器及智能终端产业的发展·····································································34
4.2.3 网络通信产业的发展·················································································35
4.2.4 物联网中的数据处理·················································································36
4.2.5 物联网云平台的应用·················································································37
4.3 物联网系统与大数据技术深度融合········································································38
4.3.1 联网设备带来数据量的急剧增长··································································38
4.3.2 物联网系统中大数据的特征········································································39
4.3.3 物联网系统专用的大数据处理平台·······························································40
4.3.4 工业物联网应用与大数据的融合··································································42
4.4 人工智能时代物联网面临的挑战与机遇··································································44
4.4.1 物联网发展面临的主要挑战········································································44
4.4.2 物联网将迈入全智能化的新阶段··································································46
4.5 本章小结·········································································································49
第5 章 物联网技术体系架构与参考模型························································.50
5.1 体系架构概述···································································································50
5.2 物联网的技术体系架构·······················································································52
5.2.1 总体技术体系架构····················································································52
5.2.2 感知技术································································································52
5.2.3 网络技术································································································53
5.2.4 支撑平台································································································54
5.2.5 应用技术································································································54
5.2.6 公共技术································································································55
5.3 物联网系统的概念模型·······················································································57
5.3.1 概念模型的总体构成·················································································57
5.3.2 域的描述及关联关系·················································································57
5.4 物联网系统的功能体系架构·················································································59
5.4.1 系统功能实体构成····················································································59
5.4.2 功能实体简要描述····················································································60
5.4.3 系统部署参考视图····················································································61
5.5 物联网系统的通信参考架构·················································································62
5.5.1 通信功能实体构成····················································································62
5.5.2 通信功能实体描述····················································································63
5.5.3 通信网络参考视图····················································································64
5.6 物联网系统的数据参考架构·················································································65
5.6.1 数据功能实体构成····················································································65
5.6.2 数据功能实体描述····················································································66
5.7 物联网系统的应用体系架构·················································································66
5.7.1 角色、子角色和活动·················································································66
5.7.2 六域模型映射关系····················································································70
5.7.3 物联网系统应用实例·················································································71
5.8 物联网系统的安全参考模型·················································································71
5.9 本章小结·········································································································73
第6 章 物联网数据采集基础设施构成···························································.74
6.1 数据采集基础设施概述·······················································································74
6.2 传感器——从单器件到智能化··············································································77
6.2.1 传感器相关概念·······················································································77
6.2.2 传感器的分类··························································································78
6.2.3 传感器的技术发展····················································································80
6.2.4 传感器的硬件组成和工作原理·····································································85
6.3 二维条码——从堆叠式到矩阵式···········································································89
6.3.1 二维条码相关概念····················································································89
6.3.2 二维条码的主要技术·················································································91
6.3.3 二维条码的识别过程·················································································93
6.3.4 二维条码的主要国际标准···········································································97
6.3.5 二维条码标准参数比较···········································································.105
6.4 射频识别——从低频到超高频···········································································.108
6.4.1 射频识别相关概念·················································································.108
6.4.2 射频识别技术的发展··············································································.110
6.4.3 射频识别的硬件组成和工作原理·······························································.113
6.5 物联网感知数据的采集过程··············································································.116
6.5.1 使用传感器进行数据采集········································································.116
6.5.2 感知数据的传输与组网···········································································.118
6.6 物联网感知数据的融合过程··············································································.121
6.6.1 信息融合的必要性·················································································.121
6.6.2 信息融合概念模型·················································································.123
6.6.3 各级信息融合过程·················································································.124
6.6.4 物联网系统中的信息融合········································································.133
6.6.5 物联网信息融合的发展趋势·····································································.135
6.7 本章小结······································································································.136
第7 章 支撑物联网应用的5G 通信基础设施·················································.137
7.1 移动通信技术的发展历程·················································································.137
7.1.1 第一代移动通信系统（1G） ····································································.137
7.1.2 第二代移动通信系统（2G） ····································································.138
7.1.3 第三代移动通信系统（3G） ····································································.140
7.1.4 第四代移动通信系统（4G） ····································································.141
7.2 5G 的应用需求和发展愿景···············································································.143
7.2.1 物联网引领5G 的应用需求·····································································.143
7.2.2 物联网主导5G 的发展愿景·····································································.145
7.2.3 5G 相对4G 的关键指标提升····································································.146
7.3 5G 的标准和产业发展·····················································································.148
7.4 5G 的关键技术突破························································································.151
7.4.1 基于NFV 和SDN 的网络架构··································································.152
7.4.2 设备到设备（D2D）通信········································································.155
7.4.3 多输入多输出（MIMO） ········································································.159
7.4.4 超密集组网（UDN） ·············································································.163
7.4.5 移动边缘计算（MEC） ··········································································.167
7.4.6 非正交多址接入（NOMA） ····································································.172
7.4.7 网络切片（Network Slice） ·····································································.174
7.5 5G 的窄带蜂窝物联网技术···············································································.178
7.5.1 窄带物联网（NB-IoT） ··········································································.178
7.5.2 增强型机器类型通信（eMTC）································································.181
7.5.3 NB-IoT 与eMTC 的应用互补和选择竞争····················································.183
7.6 本章小结······································································································.186
第8 章 具有物联网时代特征的大数据中心···················································.187
8.1 大数据中心的起源和发展·················································································.187
8.1.1 数据中心的起源····················································································.187
8.1.2 大数据中心建设重要性分析·····································································.188
8.1.3 新基建推动大数据中心发展·····································································.189
8.2 物联网系统中的大数据特征与架构·····································································.192
8.2.1 物联网大数据特征·················································································.192
8.2.2 物联网大数据分析平台逻辑架构·······························································.193
8.3 物联网系统中的大数据管理··············································································.195
8.3.1 物联网大数据云平台的数据处理·······························································.195
8.3.2 物联网大数据存储与管理········································································.196
8.3.3 分布式文件系统关键技术········································································.198
8.4 大数据中心建设的物联网应用需求·····································································.201
8.4.1 数据中心建设安全分级标准·····································································.201
8.4.2 数据中心需要控制的物理环境要素····························································.201
8.4.3 基于物联网的数据中心环境运维方式·························································.203
8.5 本章小结······································································································.209
第9 章 人工智能助推物联网系统的智能化演进·············································.210
9.1 人工智能的发展历程·······················································································.210
9.1.1 人工智能的概念内涵··············································································.210
9.1.2 人工智能的技术发展历程········································································.211
9.1.3 人工智能的特征与技术框架·····································································.213
9.1.4 人工智能涉及的关键技术········································································.215
9.2 人工智能技术与物联网的融合···········································································.218
9.2.1 大数据是人工智能的基石········································································.218
9.2.2 人工智能是物联网的大脑········································································.219
9.2.3 人工智能技术与物联网的融合应用····························································.220
9.3 智能物联网的发展前景展望··············································································.221
9.3.1 协同智能化的物联网系统········································································.221
9.3.2 服务智能化的物联网系统········································································.222
9.4 人工智能的典型应用——自动驾驶汽车·······························································.223
9.4.1 自动驾驶汽车的技术现状········································································.223
9.4.2 自动驾驶汽车的发展趋势········································································.227
9.5 物联网的典型应用——智能交通物联网·······························································.228
9.5.1 从车联网到智能交通物联网·····································································.228
9.5.2 智能交通物联网的应用前景·····································································.229
9.6 智能交通物联网与自动驾驶汽车的协同·······························································.232
9.6.1 车网知识协同的优势··············································································.232
9.6.2 车网知识协同体系架构···········································································.232
9.6.3 基于智能交通物联网环境的自动驾驶汽车发展展望·······································.235
9.7 本章小结······································································································.235
第10 章 基于物联网底座构建工业互联网应用··············································.236
10.1 工业互联网的前世今生··················································································.236
10.1.1 从消费互联网到产业互联网···································································.236
10.1.2 工业互联网的起源与历程······································································.238
10.1.3 各国先进制造战略发展背景···································································.240
10.2 GE 和IIC 的工业互联网发展困局·····································································.244
10.2.1 GE 工业互联网的兴起与挫折·································································.244
10.2.2 工业互联网联盟的困境与转型································································.246
10.3 物联网支撑中国工业互联网发展······································································.247
10.3.1 工业互联网相关产业政策······································································.247
10.3.2 工业互联网的技术体系架构···································································.249
10.3.3 工业互联网应用的物联网底座································································.256
10.4 工业互联网与工业4.0 的碰撞交流····································································.261
10.5 工业互联网落地实施的待解问题······································································.264
10.5.1 跨行业、跨专业工业机理存在知识壁垒····················································.265
10.5.2 标识体系标准不一，缺少核心价值··························································.267
10.6 本章小结····································································································.271
第11 章 物联网架起通往数字孪生世界的桥梁···············································.272
11.1 数字孪生的发展背景·····················································································.272
11.2 数字孪生的概念与内涵··················································································.274
11.2.1 数字孪生的术语定义············································································.274
11.2.2 数字孪生的典型特征············································································.275
11.2.3 与相近概念的联系和区别······································································.275
11.3 数字孪生的技术体系·····················································································.278
11.3.1 数字孪生参考模型···············································································.278
11.3.2 数字孪生技术架构···············································································.280
11.3.3 数字孪生的主要支撑技术······································································.283
11.4 物联网建立虚实世界之间的连接·······························································.284
11.5 本章小结····································································································.286
第12 章 物联网新型基础设施建设政策与实施案例········································.287
12.1 《物联网新型基础设施建设三年行动计划（2021—2023 年）》解读···························.287
12.1.1 行动计划出台背景···············································································.287
12.1.2 行动计划主要内容···············································································.288
12.2 智能安防物联网新基建案例············································································.291
12.2.1 案例概况···························································································.291
12.2.2 案例技术方案·····················································································.292
12.2.3 创新点和实施效果···············································································.293
12.3 智慧燃气物联网新基建案例············································································.298
12.3.1 案例概况···························································································.298
12.3.2 案例技术方案·····················································································.299
12.3.3 创新点和实施效果···············································································.301
12.4 智能电网物联网监测新基建案例······································································.303
12.4.1 案例概况···························································································.303
12.4.2 案例技术方案·····················································································.304
12.4.3 创新点和实施效果···············································································.306
12.5 智能交通车路协同新基建案例·········································································.307
12.5.1 案例概况···························································································.307
12.5.2 案例技术方案·····················································································.308
12.5.3 创新点和实施效果···············································································.312
12.6 本章小结····································································································.314

物联网起源于20 世纪七八十年代，恰逢射频识别和传感器网络技术研究与应用的兴起，当前物联网正在逐步融合大数据、人工智能和数字孪生等新兴技术，而通过对这些新兴技术的深度融合，未来物联网将把物理世界与数字世界紧密地连接在一起。GB/T33745—2017《物联网 术语》给出了物联网的标准定义，即物联网是指通过感知设备，按照约定协议，连接物、人、系统和信息资源，实现对物理和虚拟世界的信息进行处理并做出反应的智能服务系统。此定义涵盖了数据采集、数据传输、数据处理和应用的各层面，物联网是作为物理世界和数字世界的关键桥梁和纽带出现的。我们也可理解为，物联网是利用智能传感器等感知器件对关注的物理量进行实时数据采集，将数据通过网络传输到后台或云端，实现泛在连接和信息交换，再对数据进行处理计算、知识挖掘并做出科学决策，最终实时控制和精确管理物理世界的海量物体，从而推动实现万物数字化的强有力工具。
最近几年，物联网已获得国内外产业界的高度认可，跨国公司纷纷推出自己的物联网发展战略并研发多种多样的物联网产品。我国各地方政府和研究机构不断探索物联网的新技术、新产品和新业态，推出物联网跨行业融合发展的示范应用。未来几年将是推动物联网新型基础设施建设发展的关键时期，2021 年9 月10 日，工业和信息化部等八部门联合印发了《物联网新型基础设施建设三年行动计划（2021—2023 年）》，强调要“聚焦发展基础好、转型意愿强的重点行业和地区，加快物联网新型基础设施部署，提高物联网应用水平”。该行动计划的发布将有助于构建我国数字经济的新发展格局，对于通过新型基础设施建设推动经济整体高质量发展具有非常重要的意义。
作为新型信息基础设施的重要组成部分和推动产业新一轮变革的重要力量，物联网为社会经济的数字化转型建设提供了发展支撑。我国的物联网技术和产业在宏观政策扶持、技术研发与标准建立、产业人才培养、行业知识库积累及落地应用等方面已取得显著成效，对于我国未来经济发展过程中的稳投资、促消费、深化供给侧结构性改革、推动产业转型升级、培植经济发展新动能都具有战略意义。布局建设新型信息基础设施，能够为物联网相关产业带来新的发展机遇。物联网是新型基础设施建设的底层基础支撑设施，既能实现对传统设施的改造，又能带动新设施的发展，是我国产业实现数字化转型、智能升级乃至万物互联的根本。所以说，物联网是新型基础设施建设的主要支撑手段，更是其中的核心要素之一。
功能完整的物联网系统必然涉及数据采集、数据传输和数据处理等多个环节，其中数据采集是物联网系统应用的重要一环，前端数据质量的好坏直接影响后端数据处理的精度和相应的控制功能能否正确实现。感知终端的数据采集是物联网系统中海量数据的重要来源。各行各业尤其是工业的推广应用，对数据采样频率提出了极高的实时性要求，使得物联网每时每刻都产生海量的数据，并随着物联网系统的复杂性提升而日益增加。依靠单个或少量的传感器对物理量进行监测，显然难以形成对被监测物体或物理量全面、准确的认识，需要多方面利用各种传感器资源，通过信息融合将多个传感器检测数据与人工观测事实进行科学、合理的综合处理，使状态监测和故障诊断更加智能化，优化组合后得到更精准的有效信息。
传感器等数据采集终端是物联网的关键核心器件，直接影响被测对象的检测精度、响应速度、可靠性等指标，对物联网系统性能的提升起着举足轻重的作用。美国、日本和欧洲等发达国家和地区纷纷投入大量资金，把高端传感器视为战略核心技术，保持着强劲的研发投入力度，在国际竞争中牢牢占据产业制高点。我国《装备制造业调整和振兴规划》《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要（2006—2020 年）》等文件也突出了传感器等数据采集终端技术研发在国家中长期发展中的重要性。作为物联网中的关键器件，传感器产业始终具有关系国民经济、社会发展和民生保障的基础性、先导性和战略性作用。
我国传感器产业长期面临许多突出问题亟待解决，数据采集终端核心技术很大程度上已经成为物联网发展的瓶颈，主要体现在技术创新能力弱、工艺水平差、产业结构不合理、产品附加值不高、国际分工地位较低、高技术人才匮乏等方面。建设物联网新型基础设施就必须优先建设物联网数据采集基础设施，优先发展高精度、高可靠性传感器等数据采集终端产业，同时不断优化数据采集终端与低功耗广域网（LPWAN）技术的结合应用，支持多传感器节点提升信息融合能力，以满足大数据环境下的物联网系统数据感知和数据融合的要求。
物联网应用的多样性带来丰富的业务类型，其业务特征千差万别。远程医疗、车联网、智能家居、工业控制、环境监测等应用场景将成为物联网应用的主要增长点。在每个应用场景中，数以万计的物联网终端接入网络形成了万物互联，也为停滞不前的移动通信业务带来了新的无限生机。但同时，海量的终端连接和多样化的业务需求也给移动通信带来了重大的技术挑战。例如，智能家居和智能抄表等业务需要网络优先支持小数据包频发和海量连接；虚拟现实、视频监控等业务要求极高的数据传输速率；移动医疗、车联网和工业控制等业务对传输的实时性和可靠性提出了超高要求。
5G 网络并不是对4G 网络的简单升级，从设计之初5G 就面向万物互联时代的各种物联网应用场景。5G 技术体系中的窄带蜂窝物联网技术，如NB-IoT 和eMTC 等，有效解决了物联网技术和产业发展曾长期面临的依赖低速短距离连接所带来的高复杂性和低可靠性的数据传输短板问题，使得物联网感知终端可以长距离、低功耗、低成本地将采集到的数据提交到后台或云端。5G 的到来不仅标志着用户网络体验的进一步提升，同时也将满足未来万物互联的多样化应用需求。经过新型基础设施建设一系列利好政策的催化，5G 和物联网的商业化进程将加速融合、加快推进。
数据中心作为信息化发展的基础设施和数字经济的底座，有利于促进数据要素参与价值创造与分配，其重要作用也体现在国家的新型基础设施建设发展战略中。数据对人们生产生活方式的影响越来越凸显，数据中心规模不断扩张的结果是，机房的服务器和其他各类辅助设备越来越多。作为基础性设施，这些设备的价值在于共同为数据中心营造安全性较高的运营环境。一旦这些设备出现问题，数据中心机房就无法继续正常运行。若不能及时处理，则可能造成不可挽回的社会影响和不可估量的经济损失。数据中心配置如此多的重要设备和服务器，其物理环境必须严格受控，需要控制的物理环境要素主要有温度和湿度的控制、电源运行的监控、消防设施的特殊要求、数据的物理安全性等几个方面。
虽然大部分数据中心机房已经安装了烟雾报警器、温感器、摄像头等安防基础设施，一定程度上可以监控数据中心机房的基本状态，但是这些监控设备往往需要消耗大量人力进行不间断的运维，导致相关人员工作压力过大和产生疲劳，极易疏忽部分潜在的设施故障。使用先进的物联网手段可以强化数据中心机房监控的综合能力。对机房配电、温湿度与漏水、烟雾火情、门禁安防、防雷防震等物理环境要素进行监控，已成为数据中心运营管理方的共识。基于物联网技术的智能化机房环境监控系统将是数据机房的重要组成部分和未来发展的必然趋势。
在人类社会的生产生活中，越来越多的联网设备将会出现，无时无刻不在采集的海量数据在为生活带来极大便利的同时，也可以为各行各业提供惊人的数据支撑，但如何分析处理如此多的数据却是一个巨大的挑战。单纯的采集数据并不能体现出价值，除非能真正分析理解并使用数据，而这恰恰是人工智能的强项。如果把物联网系统比作智能生命体，那么能够根据物联网收集的数据进行分析和决策的人工智能就是这个生命体的大脑。换言之，人类使用触觉、听觉和视觉等感官去感知物理世界，而数以亿计的传感器和摄像头从物理环境中采集大量数据，人工智能将这些数据转化为知识机理并赋予业务价值。从某种意义上说，只有凭借人工智能，才能跟得上物联网采集生成海量数据的高速度，获取并利用数据隐藏的洞察力。
物联网和人工智能的深度融合促使各种终端、网络设备和人机交互方式日益智能化。基于人工智能的智能家居和可穿戴等设备会是物联网在个人消费领域形成市场爆发式增长的热点，自动驾驶和工业自动化等行业应用领域更是两者融合发展的重点。随着交互方式从语音和手势到脑机的技术发展，以及思考方式从机器学习到深度学习的创新推动，物联网与人工智能的融合将成为未来发展的主导技术模式，帮助人类社会建立更智慧的经济发展方式和更和谐的社会生态系统。
建设物联网新型基础设施，是我国推动产业优化升级和企业数字化转型的重要手段。本书对物联网新型基础设施建设与新兴技术的融合及存在的主要问题进行了介绍。物联网新型基础设施建设通过人工智能、区块链等新兴技术的普遍应用，深度融合5G 和大数据中心等信息基础设施，整合CPU、GPU 和云计算等基础算力，在数字产业化的基础上，以工业互联网为抓手高效赋能产业数字化，满足重点行业发展需求，加速推动各种智能应用场景真正落地，逐步实现从万物互联到万物智联社会的演进。在物联网新型基础设施建设的强有力支持下，物理世界与数字世界之间能够进行时间和空间上细粒度的虚实交互，支撑不同尺度的应用。未来将有多种多样的物联网智能产品有能力实时接收来自物理世界的参量数据，将这些数据提供给人工智能平台进行运算，从而得到分析决策的结果，而物联网新型基础设施建设正是连接物理世界与数字世界的桥梁，也是实现两者之间虚实融合及相互映射的必由之路。
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