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本书是全英文著作，将美国作家塞林格的《麦田守望者》和美国黑人作家埃里森的《看不见的人》进行对比，分析美国白人和黑人男性青少年在成长过程中寻找自我的异同；还对比美国黑人女作家莫里森的《宠儿》和中国作家林语堂的《风声鹤唳》中的女性青少年丹芙和梅玲，探讨中西女性青少年在不同的文化中如何寻求自我身份的肯定过程。最后，从四部成长小说中归纳青少年在成长中的共性、或同性和特性。本书是外国文学爱好者、英语学习者及高校师生的英语扩展读物。

Chapter 1　Introduction	001
Chapter 2　Some Guiding Concepts from Social Psychology and Develop-
 mental Psychology	003
2.1　Defining Self-identity in terms of Social Psychology and Develop-
mental Psychology	003
2.2　The Process of Searching for the Self-identity	004
Chapter 3　Contrastive Analysis of The Catcher in the Rye and
Invisible Man	006
3.1　Searching for Self-identity in The Catcher in the Rye	006
3.1.1　The Four-Fold Concept of Identity Status	007
3.1.2　Family’s Influence on the Confirming of the Self-identity.	010
3.1.3　Peer’s Influence on the Confirming of the Self-identity	014
3.1.4　School’s Influence on the Confirming of the Self-identity	016
3.1.5　Quest for the True Self-identity	018
3.2　Searching for Self-identity in Invisible Man	023
3.2.1　The Four Stages of Minority Identity Development	023
3.2.2　Some Important Characters’ Influences on Searching for the 
Self-identity	027
3.2.3　The Reasons Why the Protagonist Failed to Confirm His 
Self-identity	033
3.2.4　Ascertain the True Self-identity	035
3.3　Comparison and Contrast of the Protagonists in The Catcher in the 
Rye and Invisible Man from the Perspective of Initiation Story	039
3.3.1　The Common Points between the Two Novels	039
3.3.2　The Different Aspects between the Two Novels	044
Chapter 4　Contrastive Analysis of Beloved and A Leaf in the Storm	054
4.1　Searching for Self-identity in Beloved	054
4.1.1　Where Did I Come from？	055
4.1.2　Where Am I Now?	057
4.1.3　Where Am I Going to ?	059
4.1.4　What Will I Do?	065
4.2　Searching for Self-identity in A Leaf in the Storm	066
4.2.1　The Lost Self	066
4.2.2　Contact with Others	068
4.2.3　An Important Guider	069
4.2.4　Devoting Oneself to Society	073
4.3　Comparison and Contrast of Beloved and A Leaf in the Storm from
the perspective of Initiation story	074
4.3.1　The Common Points between Beloved and A Leaf in the Storm	074
4.3.2　The Different Aspects between Beloved and A Leaf in the Storm	079
Chapter 5　Relation between Social Reality and Literary Manifestation	086
5.1　The Relation between Social Reality and Literary Manifest in The 
Catcher in the Rye	086
5.2　The Relation Between Social Reality and Literary Manifest in 
Invisible Man	090
5.2.1　Ralph Ellison’s Ideology	090
5.2.2　How Does the Fiction Reflect the Reality?	092

5.3　The Relation between Social Reality and Literary Manifest 
in Beloved	098
5.3.1　The Background Information of the Fiction	098
5.3.2　Toni Morrison’s Ideology	100
5.4　The Relation between Social Reality and Literary Manifest in A Leaf
in the Storm	119
5.4.1　LinYutang’s Personal Situation and His Ideology	119
5.4.2　The Purpose of Writing the Novel	123
5.4.3　How Does the Fiction Reflect the Reality	125
5.5　Analysis of the Four Novels from the Perspective of Endings of 
Initiation Story	151
Chapter 6　Universality, Generality and Particularity of Adolescent
Experience	155
6.1　Universality of Adolescents’ Development about the Self-identity	155
6.2　Generality of Adolescents’ Development about the Self-identity	162
6.3　Particularity of Adolescents’ Development about the Self-identity	178
Chapter 7　Conclusion	192
References	194

It is probable that most of adolescents around the world will encounter some up-sets and worries during the process of growing-up. One of inevitable issues is the self-identity, which means that the adolescents are supposed to reflect and find the answers to the following questions. Who was I ?Who am I ? Who I will be? Defining one’s own identity is a vital developmental task for any adolescent. Nothing worth doing is simple. From a psychosocial point of view, striving for a unified and inte-grated sense of self may facilitate the definition of personal goals and the sense of direction, therefore the adolescents who could get keys for those issues would be likely to accomplish their self-identities smoothly and grow up to be responsible adults while those who could not might experience identity crisis and become adults troubled all their lives by the self-identity and fail to shoulder their correspondent re-sponsibilities. The individual’s self-identity has been demonstrated in the literature to be highly influential on one’s behavior and thus to be directly related to the personal-ity and state of mental health. Those people who are able to have a clear self-identity tend to act accordingly and those who have a highly deviant self-identity tend to be-have in deviant ways.
Much has been researched about self-identity and most of research focus on the developmental process of adolescents, for instance, the Social Psychology by Robert. K. Merton and Personality Development by Valerie Simanowitz. Some scholars ana-lyzed a particular work from the perspective of searching for self-identity. As to the Initiation Story, some particular and specific features of Initiation story had been probed during some certain period, such as “Bildungsroman” in Nineteenth-century English Literature by G.B.Tennyson and some novel had been analyzed from the an-gle of the theme or origin of Initiation Story, such as Wilhelm Meister and His Eng-lish Kinsmen: Apprentices to Life by Susanne Howe. However, few endeavored to comparatively contrast several novels so as to conclude the same and different aspects of adolescents in the process of confirming the self-identity.
 The identity development is a complex task for all adolescents and accordingly the issues attracted numerous writers’ attention in the east and west. These writers showed their different expectations of adolescents by creating various adolescents experiencing variant living experiences in terms of Initiation story. The protagonists in these stories underwent the quest for the self-identity and some of them succeed in confirming their identities with the guidance of adults around them and some of them went through sudden enlightenment after experiencing series of painful incidents lonely while some of them failed to accomplish the self-identity during a long period and finally they had to resort to the mental or psychological hospital for assistance. Identity development is particularly complicated for adolescents who lived in the melting pot where they would encounter various believes and cultures as well as for those adolescents whose motherland had been assaulted by other nations for they tended to lose themselves in the war time. Living in those unusual circumstances, the adolescent protagonists in several works grew up in their unique way. For instance, The Catcher in the Rye incorporates the obvious themes of alienation and lost or beat generation by uncovering the psychological world of the protagonist who felt isolated and misunderstood by his family members and schoolmates and teachers and then wished to be a catcher in the rye to prevent the innocent children from falling down into the ugly and filthy adult world. The Invisible Man not only showed a black youth who went through a series of experiences with disillusion and horror but also revealed the fact that a complex American searching for the reality of existence in a techno-logical and wealthy society which is characterized by swift change. Apart from that, the novel involves deeper themes, ranging from the roots of black culture to the need for strong Black leadership to self-discovery. The Beloved opened up to the readers the cruelty and inhumanity of slavery by depicting a slave mother chose death for her one-year old daughter rather than witness her misery life of being a female slave. The tragedy was very impressive, however, the expectation of the author should not be ignored since another daughter named Denver, who kept the past in her mind and embraced the future, cooperated with other members in the black community. A Leaf in the Storm revealed a socially inferior young female who used to be a dancing girl turned out to be a comrade who actively participated in the anti-war vocation with the guidance of an older humanist. Once being ashamed for her past life, the female ado-lescent now no longer relied on the male for her happiness, on the contrary, she in-volved herself in the relief work and pursued her dream and love on her own initia-tive.
Are there any common points and different aspects when the adolescents in those Initiation stories solved the self-identity issues? Is the creation of diverse adolescents related to the authors’ writing purpose? Could those adolescent images truthfully re-flect the adolescents in the real life? Whether are whose fictions above the life? What is the relation between social reality and literary manifestation? Those issues are worth exploring and reflecting.
This study is the first of its kind to elaborately analyze the self-identity issue of adolescents of different gender and cultures from the perspective of development psychology. It also offers insights for readers about the significance of conforming self-identity during the puberty.

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